ࡱ> ]Z[\F*Nт۳ Y*JFIF`WANG2 CREATOR: XV Version 3.10a Rev: 12/29/94 (PNG patch 1.2) Quality = 75, Smoothing = 0 C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 i }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz?Ѷm:LREQEQE܍L-QMM/L3NQLy5=XMqq' X?|%bVX?|# rgK6 ¢G4'  ͷy!HAx"I9ϙ6kR,cT]cnAJ,1Ymi鷾lFƻcTQ = *HVA\RqIQӬY!/PdJA5o:MfӮ+u~$=kwkV/nF )s4ޚcS.* |WB襎Xuu# ԔQEQEQEQEQERQEQKEQEQEQEQEQE! s[څF@3ɯWNjˢ^L|9M$K^ៀk3ϖzk <9SI 9MvQQ5EQ( s2f&K>ҷTr rEr4_^Z fmX6%2J:״+2#"z6ycOh[jtj?k:"ߺox~4Etrkc9unp?*xE2q(@¹:mkrQy"jo⻟@#mOS^V~iVQ@qL4H/`[$6+3Q4Z&K(f ܼu~$*inֳu5!a? H4(r%4xNt5]>34ף2K]6Pۆmkw:FCoT4gr=+pjxU ?*? 6#^%1׬xR.4EB2Mp+*Q GtR1G,O#c ¾CQ>'%7A|XQkpf=6V%*E|.'PӭnapTs򯡭mm*U=MZxA)@-nI#+ſ 5 3M-sj"X S<'K]l 2E} 7ɝb }* -QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQHzkM+̲(rs_9ǚߍ/v4 8?`{}м/xr R%hw2Xڤvq 'sIK5FH6*? h^'RW!~VV+|-]E1&=mR5E(WcIh/޵? $ 6%ٌD}*Oxz/ecm:r1{׿ibL$J +ʾngC^5TWxݲSRJ'K?4b\۵} {-GCӂ fAWVj]/ڍ66~5|;:3I+:Mg3sonMڑ׌pmoZq\\JҊJul&]!qYfXSpѱ#XHG*9,/_In|^ xs_nFJk< 1i }­u-%!J(((((((((()@Ҽ[/;Lr(9 4sZKoF7}31uy2^: ڕWnaZQ^cxZC5 #{y~hq4n٬|\qҾw+M\S ⾗VWPAdyYzݨom2W+/jZ]QX(uiؽ*иL ̺ cg+0$5~{y Oz'58𽿊=qg"5Ah xxKIJxgX-}_5b:aՁR2=k>3,>p%F>Z|%`4 ָd ƼoZ?!62GAaKM m^Sy>w ѥHc]Er3 7w{pCQO^:ϊ5+^M>/0dtm졊_:UP}kGc4; rTaG"y #gdJ<UmY_Mcźglub@~e5QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQTyG c+築?Z]+CdI0<ҹ_;|ev;0ْgJc|3`}G+TA'.xͯkHۡDoG9h$<+q;(P9$N/\jVf;N/zNWUC۹\U#+7^O|S tqGnk`Mn$#pZOKi V׊m*(/. 0ֹ/2ҼW($^IPbxcږi>%ɶ&|xᯌ5kUKłMqs^yYV5@ 1׼[Y4rVQ7c!ul)?_TcYۅ%\~:QLwTFf` OJoֱI}M{4<9[i n u5cmj6ڎ!Jx|H|\ RyWDktG2^5 j:,k ,с+t_[.2A4M 6(VE"'EQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQETI.%_ďW$M7Nш$dsĒǩjHir_Iime)HEhqA/jmnOGc/Դ<hM ނo豓yBU5ɏ31oՎfV7 4L:ҴW?&owSђ E|cZtMnTNA_FitW$jq*ʹwVA.J:=NgúLq9,qQ?P)䢂IP=jڥ􂩟9n>2<xӓŚ [fufwI?-AZ r#XڃW7xcKuK۸CMlۑȮc-yŏp#9S{xP?ɯl"F5u'/ v Si^ɵCv7G$;hZY3tg'WUËXıj 2y]k"d=W?~!YRi_x-QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEV+hi$H2OJĩCw.R3`>|/_T)`*>}'imvGP8W;yhPy o#I]G{k%˺9)5ZvSO^ZIc#]W¦r~lk-;6ifx*e7EWv]wJmcJNNVF@kZ,g&YFI5*F bczou(UUk>9Xh]:\o];I"~|G՜5+১Vu1;ո~ig៼9?_?AQyWj{|j|Fmu˸{U)>xMoxWQ;3?5Vm>4jk<@}E?һⷅu;ՂCq]ݽbKyD=5ltV>{e,S"-mo 5"ws)נs66g+cw>0Ք~[ts./ ߵaש5R2[A!yz54k.xMP\%` #_zr=ih((((((()ŘI=oyt-&l@HJ]l?j xE$U\|qikCPbWMq'Éj]#4NUМ0?Jk6:=7w1ƈ3 7ѧvhaֿ|su=^OX8~wpk>LBVJ5k51x퍬.+on<;Isr"f[>2ibŚt|0+i+6yzyjsJѰSWjռ5OFBmZkTExr.b xVγa+ح-" (UQLu m6K(MxcǖX+CYaxn7ۻRpG;źd*#k;Pռ P4St9WEb^6yv^4jvu2W`: Z(#{Zi=C[xDbPng5-B)μTQv j2Ǵ V|;r{[xKKv?ZmB.-fIbq)Yx $QeB"Ny-*[ǜk&Ծ+kei-?t+Yxke孔A#D k7'|}us:Hϧ^t/hOhf");s׵E4w,0daa^Ucz&a]B >7o<-@[d5}gjvƟ C iEQEQEQEQEQEQEQA\|UoMk\y"%'MFR}p3_Wx3С X֝a][NpvƤ?GS-k)m.Y!qiMgƫ.M*M?ƻ߃VΟ& f2r^8mj;\_؆kHzG_ʽӌgj6]^Lă%׊jF7IvKZC_k5?wr8ׅEp~;e2u'A\1)xOvmq^[ë~ex!;H6yG>64=Bb-?,~( QEQEQEQEQEQEQET,$N)UWcelB}kվ t-uP-{;tƋ[]_HLVk,q^OA9mm2yS]+?R-uk)m/"YaU|  5'KM'=Sǚd6̻nf샽z<e8E.fiRkK~(3p>T,k?|]9B7 ? _K͒X@||konfQOݦm97$}szP !x6UK(sYk C\\n>|Q}lBMGQף 59j4 㷒:v ?Wc]FCQ^y^yOxYG\֦Mrpj# BےU-x1oK"_\wqDeQɌ4RZσ|U%,,pƀҼCڼ/Ֆf ~t.g^<ϳ lo/m|95M( | [_ ev/3LܜoKQk]: 6a <]K"RH=kt5K lPZVƛrq a 8+WŚ LRosGu &hyCjMT^/Zkvicf?vOŲxwB֙7ן5 NwjW_;uJ%vEx-rY3<֨'d3EX: }S!8ߎi~EaԠ>~7\S:W|]ާ}&Ny3e#'"+^0l>6X4Y=֡r  ~'x#ðJv^=/ÏKPcS m+~(x:?jcYlr}x)ܲ }}yaAYCwT UҊ((((((+?SMn/ep…M|}}f>-nvM/^3_M;~1;y[kc:s UI=Myx#Ŗ7(;3;RxŖקMfϛIpzޥkdrSE"vq^[=JӮ6ڽ2AJqO3_^:F XWiVgW7ţ߻ ^img[Ek(EV^Mze!#0 s6UI֋ˤOBӚ]kD3ۈ|C:/DRk !7?fn/dDu x'Ě*3(2޽VWW+o>&_~U/.'7:&n?y]~i^{URh>QTGV-nzQ1yfdGkz(u+s~*_vZ1j#[f;vX:Ljt.|< tq3zwzrּMߋ>(}X-V[DqJG&| r+>Q%eP1jk^:&uKhktrp8VW~ݦs&f((((((+ž;;HMLMs̀\? k {O}>v^mmحTVC7e^Mж:vuj.-2F E<|?eˋ-6dl4,zUi_j`;r {W=sV<o4f6M"9x Az$#FrTJox [٣ҭ+oz֑i}{oy6rYi#{ƛnEBKWm_^7G'oagmuM 89>DvO F+f?d/Ү^T]cP_WWk:**yoa^ QM.IB[۞ M{-EtH֬69Q0S}k%BH-,,dAֻxŚ$w! X5*") ⻋%9{ 3';Ew𭷄? 4c'dҞE|;tgz*Vg%Ք4L35DƓ,;Gn=+%_QU4]f8U#=E'҉C&Q^ڕ9o5 Qx87ľ#ƻ0Ѯam)Z7enດw? ~2k,o-ﬡ*R 6->."VI>(oheT$^?,M;I,Y#A]Ox~oQrbg^ooa!Qs1Vy]h@;5zKíLhp3W@(((((;W^~ Tkݧ5 |: "n_[*(*N:dSrsw a|z0kzkP)+wc j/kiu,Mz~>$&pAjτ~Q~Ɉ8=kXeX~j> oI$:5Ǽ^)vi5Myxwz&c]-n[|n6{\/&aBB=Hz$Y۴Hkbz X Yz'~G3$2s[KGtE+s=V#EyKu$W"P$ՏbToTsФ ߻aSGҵQel?rLӴ֯Nb? 鱎_Nv%_4ؚ- t\*1f{!{?LXՏirkǩ&vgZ4>yMr@C]Ay4Z>ﬥVGySW"w0Ĩ6[hk1dV81!QߏtZ_5/j knLH-8"^W%e#K(фF}%Cj񯆡O,Am-w \?Kg4\g"HhڂF"cĖߠndӝ*_ ƕzy|358q8WXZKs1csjfk1Z˾\wſsw4qn<Wďː]4((((((ȯ~<{XV˒]R꒡ܷԵ-A46_ #ֲ-o1@Uw n~{Qǵ~=-<3b |ώ벽7&!Tu5kWpxn.$A+حn`gD6 "J,(WzbG?`Yrl)e2Mx_O{ wO by^XxCL /v5q+[98Y~ /GN q]ei/)*?xu';xl攅 I^T|7 D1f}9 "{q^Vw,-C&@$WTkAhV׿h7Q>S3}\qkKm:[$1.I'mͦY6UP*;Wf&0Vms[Iӄs;Ivt71=OL,ed0 SE⏴[B~A蠚'Stom\4R`G8{z֯cv0tP`ڇ CF9ci յQjr#$g> ^&ݶ*A?<9;SlOWZ:k |'2c`2]<][:"NNϯJF>'jwTbdcJZ }+w^~H"81Iף\4|5{Tm#_UxXMw}X+((((({tvS9ƌğa_2Ɠ6Kg_^xgLO21!u gqt.Akw|7Ϧ]m/<,::g~h4&m%aҺ~(xk"[ubGL}+o̺,&7OjZZ//@=)9תM㒅8Y/qs\<xɺPa$AcO5$o[hsK/$.z2[r|yZ~+x]>)j7ggAx" i+5n$#VW0oåj*lH77/^ Ct9t_|Ga#}?k?ɑ_Z]#DAw+WVZ%׊_ 0zQ⻏j;TcҺxW^*Ok?-Nr[WuԺ圂n<;x#7EƯoho4Oפ͢xFfc$W1O~$6icbGZkZƐuy9*IT o h;+!\>2hZeÍ0q,uO4%hB:W7xO[8O/8HsM?H!FyW>> o>O 9A^Z0Ad\V Iq3Xx^cpV~:f/[rZωP}Α>Y+!c!|Wզ6C=@)8Eb{Ӊ:lrzҮ~am3!Ҋ(((((;W SV]#n_<%=) uvG?6@h~+>WYSOgWxh63i,:\3_AVKaZ"E? ڃ:bKO 2^[gHm`|s^p4_|D?M?MȀFp\d^ii:jZķ ~3\Kf|c]p‰EgP3X$ sN,jpsڼᖉ?YRG]7Voi887z.j=SF"⧃naDwVH|gz~G]qOV.{MgVY Zb8'ں1rV&uuv>bȥȮG)>κ 'A_?WIc\+a׺!k3-.Ogm/ XG,5tWK4p^GTP9,p+>!i_c_<}ki#TϨ!=sR J,>&h h(O#41*i\j|#h|,{)7fH¬CK<w5~2xj-gmoRO_ŤwSr c"/x'9 :g-OW{cvZb%B+_Km+~Cgۏ]d-!a¾9wQ| n5 yzd5}?zYMRg^pȬ"4Ka!w}kh&}-@9eɮុ/eLA?Ȯƚ%V"ϭpƋw:/%-u h֟'R=4j~ĖX[lW :j7V0_3>3Z.~!x Z[wH98ֽ+V#4 s^;*]D,:׹+Fu4\<-xՉ+5!NJJKwbo-4F܋z{ױk"/6R(_j._[C 2Fps\2ַ$<s槬$ 7@.HX5T[լfᢶm Wfuow-lFckc$sϪ1777kM͌m9]L^H@XmUyo|cOMw kgivpo[x\5Xƪ}gO e{-]lF_h}(=+E}i|C! 9gְu?M񞋪rZZkmb:|$~5ƟHGae(J|Cڴq[Of?o/.bU x{u+ ϮYC= ƣ<'}eiMRqXc3V]Fw[|qsZ~jFDxf_ƻQR{ K]o$.]hlC_ײl*0BY:|?VCd2|J%w2 Cl/SPXDW`;א3;/W&;RW.ZҊ(#}3vczWkVڷkvϦ6d3Wg4, }*ޟ=LU[m6qܦMjX]B"AYAk;kUD=@}寏:x*OI$׭|&&*(((((V <&,_s('}[@ +ɭjGNh.%&GpHֶ<j\w:%ܗ+k)sI{Q7Z߇NםKzgXXm1)obkpX ]7Qeq `oEݤcuxiö pť0%#j4 ~`n-bF4 ?SL46GEe#FA?Ox]ktGF03^-'$=X6*Ww4:\N]q?V!Q}*iffvZFWڹ/Bκ (#LAwn"ZRzW|OHH FT)ָ C㟉/1٪[„?G?B@j(]T8;Nq^&7ާ'^0á{X״]?R1 gV gmD\&~aڕp}___񭶏ak s-ܻ0thpZd=xIs^EQEQEQEQEQT'1 6`x|ů_i٨K8#QW|{eMJb@In;] ;/ʚ?UKIMJطt@J#Xy5@kx#1so@!A5'孚H(,~_ c }*x>ɩ]%ˮ'r? ZytZOl[Kp~ +_o)-ZR.bŝٷq9>"i{!i{\cQې> Ȭhb!\v<W"tmƖ'k'V{--Լ~VKn/n)cR:&p-杇ʋް'sɫf6ZW{yLTqNԾ%\i#%u/ @ ^c,Xy91S+]F!Zf Y*-IA|u ݵw pqZGXլ@p=EYv_Gko9!PxSҼKkxLK8dY𷇾xqVC{kup:!'v‚8KdU* q?‘HPژ~*xETy{"֎m+ReKApP9t;1ιoN:4vc&s9+L-gW]B8ܟ¼Tx|%!oN-kʷfb[yzcpuO]Y^Ǧ&-\O+~:Ϣ%4c<r8p5;d {eku^>+)Ͻm?oJCs*ך(}kmѫzkh}Nq9ʻ5H^EQEQEQEQEQYz>5} /t{bYg k=Yi UpdE|}Fhn]O`븏_ᶳ]cJ!km5ŶE9#\U*+ {-4WxOZf]>_¼ ߎ:̬ ~D׼y)kd1z5?4Iav֤Vgw{{Zܐ; ʒjNw-q`p \gl#݆FbA OR?:jI{-A~&k5[y#0u,$cH]mVjpN%aj};z[!x;~ė c03of1+(՗崻no5IE61Ut[MSM2I ]^0*Oxm`uijey4KN:H85ھ}iq{B_'yŚ ]>w_QBkY.KAk<()ҡt,+h-l0e@**c6x:C'4W '>0k}&5KZWg[klcm#ci'EtT(?j|5X|rndB- T]ڶZl"P8~n%wd8x/tM2OJJt#T hœ85l^'>it?Q^X*HG<:'Yg"^]}XGѣm='+OuI5G@9et}+>>6k5Ze,OWxƱ<,pRMq%cSr׾1#1+׮bZmD)ɵWX7𯞙wcZSOM,H0H@NL1JFU8k ҷAں}n1LH5(Q+!Tui8Ȳ?V#vB3A1sJ|9g^^E}]׃|l֯t/iW#>Kḳ~_ t?-pan᫧mATsَ+zZn/|Ă㬨< 9qWoP?#Hʺ#)dW#xC՝/٧<`;Nk ìFվn~چ{6I\#~nT~/q7! _X4)"m$y4mNKh$91 ?/ _}yMwQw[y3tV_P8 :(((((u-ꎦF9nzA}t*U.=B-Ṿ* 7FӴ87}jZa|15xW`sWA=cgDg^iiS-ĐD+~}Y5Mnw8xNs=›:PxWKi=F'`ɭU`2 xg[7 pg_ֽcږ}iQ;W|⼔ F1sk *0ʀ7Z{M99)H KVV+"I\b?X/m[ܸHFf'\?<˫iM=:_.+MzaF1ʳ-nY?UZ MxŶ!Vo%U:4O |,V15C gGT|* 4'V_ \nfZe5dQ:^݁ƹ$w.}JUXC+jvOAζ#TsFK;KƔȏ^޼㴅C7//zސNfq"xHxiT3u=EuY[EooQTp*;Ra}/j?Ez;sVG⟿[?}EQEQEQEQEQU̲OFKׯ4]C +P oFnjkbTMWN5s~5=P,?wy&~'1ku} 5Qx1_v~ ߘlKk wFxsI#dL?y׈>I 跗8W++Y 0A'-vӯ [57@e ?VӴ:5=svv[¹\o7Qz \U?o5EC o8n Hs^\ l69o!-CY./[tyKimMqg>HSMsTPӬDKҘ=ƩikVEp/=i$ Ecs.~&w;ִ5[]^%ôI_硫nZ?!!(;dk#z4Bg=t񖣯_^LdXPFW :oH״?GՃNneHӖ栓UѴ3@l kޡqx#IA<5yiEDY#w~w |c,;NCDV/>u` =㵌 $Oeow@:|?Gf{M+kAE ºG!v6?_^ 1PҼg/|=umS^w70^jQGjܼ8zV=īH2YOvq뫲IfYbnC)ȫhɶåEnZYx((((()2z/d*s -I9y*_jMzFZ(Z¾Ծ$K6^J9#$~ k>H\<%IJ6y?{WvvV:[İkZ9h^g2Ӄ`G^ WosT_/G? u/daH;|Q Ed:ɎGhզGyg(x~^Ƽ㝳K 5^Ch67L"gVC`z8-kz_PH@Mx>9^,?/zy6[ꗑ M&q־q2.;D_ݏmf˦<3[Ն8W'eˢk:4MxҴz](7kh wQgt+m8EvatCJORj|2lpXJ;kᯇZ+#37Ax~NV2uh汴_6m^]K}7):jv7GeҐ ~Oҍ T/9Kg}|/=}b|;ahiS)rƼ~{K2/kVZ|k׭kU!N2Pvc.+OWlb^lVJ#}F[Kּ?OoexgF H$WSZ|SM9eSM3Ym{ J%Mѣ_n?_XLӦ-4}2i H >Cފ~\zF]Z ['^@j&ut# @7t=GX2ʻw?ZuDŽ|{uᕙ?6;C|C^x=Cfa,s^EQEQEQEQEQA_$k6^?|af]5 uOv9tOš 4'5|7f*(&t=r87~,JM.n$epp^k 3oks/2R λ\B[ysA)OQֺ?u1TާXc90=L1Pƣy '̈Bi~ eaxv֬Eq,j)Wx#$;4[͍ # ٹ W9S]7m6fHb^y-Ċ3JkǚΦZ\;|ipG] wjz{Wu)ΈARď]:g@R1q^iJ"1ҩg ;Dd690`z 8|E!Tui8Ȳ KI)qHG/Z~R$HH ǿ5zu4s\"Wz>'i>" mrMFolנRQX^'F.3+>\.+; ⦭seᆲ25S\FSVʹ6$.#DuPda$8"o!xNg}*ki,@Xбx{v~ kE?t=wQoᑴ@mgaOXtI{hMy ] B66d%jNYb2I^W^oWkezq^?|> !9XF07~QEQEQEQEQE|C5]?Pa?t'Չ9xdHbϴ, bsMkUY ႀݓ] 2YCWKa *#nâvOQXZ74;:fomkv,W AٲZ0knb͞ED25ZVw kjЬC]F23Uiz֭}b&kч!y׫>wt,˂پ|_cPl=9fҬ y ~_ʴx8bDOEyUTdڼK?^ yY&^7Ω~\s+)RxkźՍIF,j$;H cAxԧTFy"GR`7/ݶehMK|#7/*kAOӭ#Pz™D;#!5=?tʩ*;tPp7 OPsjKVp+>4jS >mqn7_+oVn(^Upd#ǂ3@yl)"Xھ2麲yEp?Ǻ^$w H-9+$cwجjP Pyeş=Zu#3G_K֗2ZȞa3<I|w=`Fz~yo3i [AݹwwFi5':X6$8FA xMg y⻽7K,$*cc? [?|헐uj&`V<"?|Kruݹ%뭃}}!c> Q٢(((((& kgx^w W[O`ͅN=}9ڠwyQn9l f{maiR4fc+̼CD{{{N~7n:fv'N_N,Y,W{QҼ#4 _zg`bpֽ?k?\2"주̄1^x[(/>d⭷/yږW|NԡlM^:]x.'< c X}narq]G_ IJ7e 2خN{BD$^C]_<A-pw4-֮9*zfVMEE^ (> yV>*#HبX0yeJ~ʠ7-ԛm{Pk-ɾz ԑRIX4ڌo4gL&'*sqo@Mb8k!:/Dnu"H*58K6Lc"X j4K?g~l]bڬM] mHͥۂɽQQaSK/jh-׬FR2j6qrcKg=kƾ^*NE״wO<=+l>i:5yIخ_he bD*/#יW1Ck <70s-oC}HͻnH UMka.+>:xYXihiWEᏎaVD_O4Mn :2g` oAKQ|q J>[Z{;ۦٱ)QEQEQEQEQEL: B/#M͜1\yo?¾͂d9ǥxſZxWG/vɰ< M-b7!MzlVV;x@r)ml>hf`*x}Zm?P'BżsޛOÃDy =qx¿Bok2ko--[<lEmI/EQRM,pHʨ$9&U5YGFk?FQyeq( 86(_0ޕxCZ悗{7SW޼_%-ofK .y5^,A ۆG+dI|RGgI;mLK,jLI +2V༷`J_D-LW(q\y#~dE?5<32ohu^únyj7;Z-[Ð?;6~vjO~1\V}Zus%,sj/+zW]x.ħZOHb ʨo/B Hq^q| 4^Nqʦ fE>"+y+)k>24[cfNޣҽxQ+>cZlm~Gq4qs+I+nZ((((()0kω<*lfewvW$j#qJ xO"=W⎹^|k) qs^E&xL?[xy2L֯g4'GPU(O^6Rnzku^GҸOn,$=^uK{[ 5&?>0Lӭ~+g|QMcp,#cjo> o A^#$WRr+uռcx>^M= { <9]7b pB>f>qcW7Kcה.Tާ'Zo~ E$ ˌhI}8UπlGjٟYw0^/^GA bebF\}?W<\m~>d?6zZxn%Z/:>,C9S\7Q&t9=z W|PvI[~UTh]_;CJ_R٘rSXxvkHn_b;^[u 4,̮ x&f%t.yZVo^[8hPC#Hl:@ׅmmvbWPs]x#RъLJ{h.P$Pk| 㛽n("p? Ofu_Ih]) 'q:m9J((((((xOlӘ3FC>x8+ȴwyM렂Km? hO4粑gk 鷚Ov Xu&cy_ I׸\^Z~6*{O8܊HSGZƩ[=֛pۧN}EUimt<g\|ALjk}>& WA vQT@Ҧ#">kA0s\<{s^ t2|~+L!<2659#it$մ>!x[4m=sGQ;{xG¨y]7v3]H ]<73mb.Ҝu5EiX=uF𽍒.ݑ ܊:~l um9/K"2BTÊP3Qqd5>/c.Tvt5nM[×9Y!rUM{5E}+7k7ˣ˟n碷{Ҳ-*T1\*WW7xZ[ɎF:Wl^)e ,R2@A\ΡGREc+):<+/Bk,7vAJXֶ~7bX$l~WꚔF=˅$,rk<c?}q[&Ȅ7JSW6Ǧ[sll MFfI#;WJk6\ Z6]#}\׊&.y~d+{ uqߌ}GivֈXc VQEQEQEQEQEPzW;5 X:/+WZq1%^m3_cj:|d O|O3f9;z_xJ-o퓄9${> zd>(i$;brGZ>giYıƒIu}mcN;Wsc& ex믇^=VrQd^ݤ֙ UV쌛yc?ʬ)R0x,|ahTCz1̽s^sx\{ 1%;b9}kb״}:Y%LVt2 *-^,{k_#nN:Wzcx5umlʷwUJ=K:8A {XPxFeж\qu{^/6"]?i_z%+mz|:T`b8ѝ?uaV%KC|dpNkH#hC Ic]{ęT~Bׯ* 8S>(^:3\2 x~ |27:hjv]i+G$T8+ςEΖK%?ѼoO5Ő9|muGKm`}IT1NEղ1^kFSaN7_@ O߉ɥCW1k֦BRa2;Ҁ t((((()|Ÿ$т=|W|A<>t{5aXf[;UmooP51\?>!Cn:qs^ox%:05 bx@>t$t> /~x+; 9;(xgM%j"c_=,znrp>xO2ގ$f7zteXȘWSA:|v;cƶ3\?iZ}3^ڼM<7ƕ+;#>v:$܏{V4]HxpE]gtp*0>W=O]͎"CMyƯ/MtptȯG_Í/‘1qxF^w9AKER1WKgMkKWߨ܍"T*M6ٵUwj76[תqҗ`T34r"2+[sCU,YrC'BkuxcO쯶lE {/ 1H?[ԍK1>?qOYZO.!gῇÞ)CqMvQEQEQEQEQEQE|L70$y㜊 ^/g܊ys)}yeyWhP5JdH|[^OS /y\] +Wm<7e>m#K';N3y[v(j+1+.Z'."m9q4.Fes\ÏOouD^ I(p})C( W⟅ݥ}%c$?K}FNN+WK,-IMg( wx:*jz+ⲷhFk G+c^ rCklుa#F pcڗ42`GRxŶ^dUQ5ugU"H GYzvcOq V;KAY?k"l;^-,>)~/Oo+UUT` ?0Ўm 7\6*_|&VI= WJ1ҝEQEQEQEQEQEQE5*As_,dFڅx;FKoq^H*y_>|Ix/?oA'{|9\P𪂀k;N43dص~ϺaCԝ~y'Wꚵf7 H9,kt?C':-ܘ,A*=s^oq)4.7PGz󯈿VYxߊ4?Pq E: 񦕪&y߀v u(Ԁ3ßĒh"_&4R ^W FG=iJ =+U𾏭!}5j7u!զ~Y"m#ēEflLtjTҾ/.j%k&_֝_5/)µ>i*VMJNGuOp^&DB;jiMJLbº;_@~35yn}iͽ1oV6k.x%}k<9ͤhZM3*[ [?z[<.,Ƽz+C2鱶b#Z=œ2 > ~<-O4&y74>`lཷKyVHd25x:w"+veITa]T}4ifKnmީAܾBĚŚό|[$2ģ5Ï -onT y[k(((((((ҹOfxvDaRbltjVPOnh :dfοoM PpC3i۬c ؊ƨ 㟴Ӂ;8R*| r}쩹 ,xt xj^&Kk xKº,)hl>Z:Զ;hQ.^Gj+ 6hڎ>ϪE#/4CpbLf%7WF A=+|y;Bkk YU1mF㻵k4I!u"AxQЭIR2qW>|A SXp4ZF>o<ѵl#nrXhCKMN1FGQ(ڎFOݱYZϋI҈\f<[X Ge$vVcJiu=sƞ#[FK=*7,J~fi=>_د3O׼OizYeaL0{΂PIF\l`mҸoEӼ%fM|G מxkߏu/[=ۢnvXGoo4UQwTFa7{o?yi+ >Ycq |WφӅ?,L3Ǩ⺻OXK [v=&//Gq /[.,)b(,l4Rvڳ/cc5e&Jj^َ/ֺ?4zZvIP?|UYE·G&㪹zJՎ`|)Y;$r=EbxEYk4xj5kbڗb[FŋN+WZNEu4riv8B ziwt]:]Z1Z|-k-E[?xHEq^ݵCCsq -,*F,q?|ZyNX1FB7d_&M&-{qq"U?QH@$l4h IDSn\+\6l* k~,(,"5|צ[gCQWpGA_0}U) }k I>".l/Tc;=+ڻW -,"snJ-QEi6Zū[0Wk _6)+Wß]7Ķct)r0 S!IgXd`j(hʞbTM^n!cf,7dj%\e.Z'`R1>][ԏ6rx5ү7 O<1YOq"+k!w"["(9=Mz_è5I1n7_#FWogkuq|jO NծSCb*_4{cY\|GY|ɷֻmk4N8hZvA%Q2H_|Nм4\]tX993e+&ߌ/|>)ngIuS8v t(K2k^P^y?ɱ-hv\N0+ۆ6Yޱk]ȫ`OZ+>%@]џd1¾W4𾊗WHGz`Җ(((((((J|S_X]v>9S_'ZV?4/nxLq([Y[޽jZ(3Epk/_Dq*5yρ|iu纶>Kp+OGַ|rdہ}'Ś.cR 4[kyABۢcՂWDӓQ{i\a&ܖЬj͸W8v+B3Q-gr[@FXcPԬ#/ws*W`+2hN,zd~> ;X_MӛxcHzB^ 1A*"Q*P-dQEZ$ #V'|1aI G.G$ֹFs1=fNVRl(}k9-uXs~((((((()O-`9W'A๷~Wa_Ox6~2ҖU%%<]#(UZXU@',EC'Y(x[G"x-[pk_Ф~bB fŧo _0F]H>F4RSmֶM>Tw`9}ϊx9o'`lZ|%+`[iֺ**P>(]ZY-۪@-_&x]ֵ }tI_ |DZ¸ˮ{קTnbAh2ǁ_<|Tɣ貕^%O/X x/oQӐ嘏}+ >L!Q@QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE!+;"9}oèF27{[[/-aoa_Exem`TN7}+҇AKHyx3Kִ{á+&>l1߅fGf9o0pGTy /zt[Wyr -<+V,*<I? iX|t(=*դ7qIꧡ+Ŀ5}KKm(g +# H aT 7 A(d;xY̋$%1ι^y;Ld ' ^\B"l2=qEQQIrEǰZ,+x"pP3}+KX@6ƁGSH8ERMxz׶ZeshP:R(x6N@!W|(oNuWrDC{WјA5_W?'gBT̥C޻/|EC4 lTQG5?yncVSE gŽsIlmInWx͗.E_f=5)  `:~5reܟE$t ( TQETM,,qVc+ǼwK2X.n@~Umwq#{?;Y#!+֕* ?QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQER`TSC4Rtad|Ԍ*nycx#V$'F]gE%i|:ne[W1 [5KEW^ֿ vQ$_/7.$|ڽss^2xk×Z?: 5b牙RcNъQKᆭHZXW׾x7^_fSd_{դ K$mXdi:zp<Ҿvau~9V`ׯ,2A#}XHS&kĶ2Ga]Gmj>(EsdEe w(4 )$+gĽвp3HpFNO֭x/6YR6',9j'Ҽ+nX[(`>iHqREQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQER0x wW^PI>9x_4z+zG s^6E=ū#s{m)oBc~>_tf%)ʶ◵QY!+) O^νn#/`8'Ʃy:5ɂ|ֽy2}G?fh[yQ}=v[u".2ɞ^{~hGu}J((T Q*J((((((((((((R0kt?}f#0>( {h^CϋzH5'#<[QR^g+м3rme>: \`{S$8q\εh?ڵ8wk̵-ѥzIҼ\oV[U_99Ğ%rڼ1&Y<+KH.5/˅i(5p6,QT`U8((((((((((((1H@KEHW֑N̼כFO%<:f\)}-FqH|57KFQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE*JZC0?L%|%K9j5?NiD}뗿6Pʽ;uw6_/Ys=up1U-86zgя?Y<5/Ɣh,'gԿ?zz\WK?[6Wr}pKښN0u\N_KHYs]$qh4U_E&((((((((((((((((QE`S4QO"ȣȋy'*LQ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((('3( &/ 0DTimes New Romantt0. 0DTahomaew Romantt0. 0" DArialew Romantt0. 00DWingdingsRomantt0. 0@DVerdanasRomantt0. 0"PDHelveticaRomantt0. 0 " A .  @n?" dd@  @@`` P  I     ( %,-o%, ""R p $-(F &8OcV+   .0<<Uk    0r -+0 ,+!8H77 -9D?D$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$R$Nт۳ Y*2 AA1? 3ffff3f@8()dg4KdKd: 0ppp@  S ʚ; }6ʚ;<4dddd@l 0@<4BdBd@l 0@%0___PPT10 ___PPT9nnIt>"ՌPNG  IHDR +tsRGB PLTEfffm cmPPJCmp0712 7tRNS@fIDATWc`  SP1H $XLIENDB`?  O =j?UImproving TCP Performance over MANETs by Exploiting Cross-Layer Information AwarenessVV$1)Xin Yu NYU Presented by: David Choffnes8* "6   ZOutlineZIntro to MANETs and DSR Problems with TCP over MANETs EPLN and BEAD Results Conclusion ,  &#[Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs)iDifferences from wired networks Wireless link much less predictable Pathloss Interference Mobility leads to rapidly changing topology Every host is a router Routing in MANETs Approaches Link state Requires every node to know about all other nodes Too much wireless transmission overhead in MANETS Distance vector (e.g., DSDV, AODV) Source routing (e.g., DSR)  Z$ZZCZZ Z ZdZ?ZZ $,  d?,D\$\Routing in MANETs (cont) Key observation Interference/contention can significantly reduce performance To reduce overhead, discover routes only when they are needed; otherwise, aggressively cache overhead/previously heard routes Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) DV algorithm, floods route request to find path Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Similar to AODV, but returns the entire path Establishes bi-directional paths Route failure: send ROUTE ERROR messages, try to use cached route(0 0  %]Mobility and TCP &^ELFN: A Solution to Mobile TCPExplicit Link Failure Notification (ELFN) Sends ICMP message to TCP Retransmission timer disabled Sets thaw timer to 2s Sends a probe data packet to determine if a new route was established Issues How do we set RTO and cwnd after thaw? Small receive window can cause idle state after thaw Smaller RTO leads to quicker recovery from freeze When do we freeze TCP? ELFN does not distinguish packet loss from link failures Try to notify TCP of lost data and lost acks *ZZzZZ'ZgZZfZZ*z 'gf,'_EPLN and BEAD Overview EPLN (Early Packet Loss Notification) Intermediate nodes notify TCP senders about lost data packets BEAD (Best-Effort ACK Delivery) Intermediate nodes retransmit ACKs by extensively using cached routes when links fail Rules when dropping packets First link failure: notify TCP sender After link failure recovery Data: notify intermediate node, which tries to resend and notifies sender ACK: notify intermediate node, try to resend using cached route; if no luck, notify TCP receiver Similar for notification packet losses&> WB'&> W  B'e(`Examples: EPLN )aExamples: BEAD *bCross Layer InteractionsKTCP Sender Notified about lost packets, not simply broken links ICMP message contains seq number, packet status Freeze TCP even if packet is salvaged, but retransmit packet only if this is the first packet lost (serves as probe packet) Otherwise, wait for ACK to resume TCP ACK received: restore TCP state to values before freezingN 50 50V+cEvaluation SetupSimulator: NS-2 Mobility: RWP (boo!) Speed: 1 v, where v is the mean speed Field: 1500x1000m (50 nodes), 2200x600m (100 nodes) Why? MAC: 802.11, 2Mbps Transmission radius: 250m (boo!) TCP: Reno, 1460B packets, rwnd: 8 App: FTP z`-    G  ` ,dSetting RTO and cwndUsing  old values is better than resetting them Reducing cwnd can cause TCP to enter idle state, so TCP throughput becomes dependent on RTO Lower RTO due to  old value improves throughput (reduces slow starts) Improvement not as much for higher traffic load; due to fresher routes Can lead to lower performance in heavily congested scenarios (MAC contention due to increased route discoveries)&1[1[:N-eEvaluation: Throughput27%-210% higher throughput over EPLN Improvement increases as Traffic load increases No reason given Number of nodes increase More cached routes leads to improved delivery DSR-Update, a distributed cache update algorithm for DSR, further improves performancev>.W>. W.f!Evaluation: Number of Slow StartsReduces timeouts by as much as 90% Mostly due to cache update algorithm Diminishes for larger numbers of nodes, larger traffic load Probably due to contention&/gPacket OverheadIncreases overhead for small # s of connections and low speed Reduces overhead otherwise Distributed DSR route update algorithm generally reduces overhead compared to standard DSR Fair? How big is DSR s FIFO cache compared to the cache for the dist. cache update algo? :YY,=0h ConclusionCross-layer information awareness is key to improving TCP performance Efficient route updates significantly improve performance Should we ditch TCP? See ATP. (   0` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!` T3f3f___>?" dd@$?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `(p>>  H@ (    s * "0@  T Click to edit Master title style! !  c $| "0j  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  Nff??"?  Nff??"? F  "  Nff??"  Nff??"   Nff??"  Nff??"?  c $ "`  b*(2Z  B޽h))? ? T3f3f___ 0___PPT10.[p1q___PPT92p22 aqualab014  0  "(  ~  Hff??"A  0w "G  w ,   <4w "  w T Click to edit Master title style! ! T    "  Twff??"  @   T0wff??"  @ ~  Hff??"A~  Hff??"A  RA)\ :?nwu-seal-gray"@)i% Z  B޽h))? ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.[p1q" 0 P2( "   0tN P    Z*   0U     \* d  c $ ?    0dY  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6^ `P   Z*   68a `   \* H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.[Na 0 *(  x  c $Шw0x w r  S wG  w H  0޽h ? T3f3f______PPT10i.@1+D=' w= @B +}  0  $(  r  S w0@  w r  S w0j w H  0޽h ? T3f3f______PPT10i.:l+D=' w= @B +$  0 $(  r  S h> 0@  >  r  S @> 0j >  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.eЁ}  0 $(  r  S D> 0@  >  r  S > 0j >  H  0޽h ? T3f3f______PPT10i.e`D+D=' w= @B +Z  0 :2*,(  r  S /> 0@  >  L H # x82   f1?H  3 r5> 1?Ii 30L H # 0@2   f1?H   3 rd9> 1?I#i 438L H  # H @2    f1?H   3 r1> 1?Ii 39L H  #  ` 2   f1?H  3 r˒1?I#i 439L H # 8h2   f1?H  3 r0?> 1?Ii 31L H #  H2   f1?H  3 rPD> 1?I#i 431B   fD1?``B   fD1?h8@ hB   fD1?h hB   fD1?x@xB   fD1?@ B @  fD1?p B   fD8c?0H   3 rI> 1?> 1 DTCP connection (0,1)B   fD8c?0,$D  0B    fD8c?X ,$D  0B !  fD8c?  ,$D  0B "  fD8c?@,$D 0B #  fD8c?p h ,$D 0 $ 3 rP> 1?4,$ 0 @ Link failure  % 3 rT> 1?Q q ,$ 0 @ Link failure l `h (`h,$@ 0B &  `D1?`hB 'B  `D1?phz `h ) `h0 ,$D 0B *  `D1?`hB +B  `D1?ph3 , 3 r4Z> 1?  ,$ 0 ]-Node 31 drops all in-flight packets to Node 1..H  0޽h ? T3f3f___O>G>___PPT10'>.epA+#KD<' h> = @B D<' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D2 ' =%(%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*)?D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*)?D' =%(Dx' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*)?D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*)?D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(DM' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%%(D' =4@BBBB%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(++0+$0 ++0+$0 ++0+%0 ++0+%0 ++0+,0 +$  0 $(  r  S `s> 0@  >  r  S t> 0j >  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.e0DE"$  0 $(  r  S t~> 0@  >  r  S L> 0j >  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.eP^  0 ##38S#(  r  S p> 0@  >  L H # x82   f1?H  3 r> 1?Ii 3AL H # 0@2   f1?H   3 r> 1?Ii 3BL H  # H @2    f1?H   3 r > 1?Ii 3CL H  #  ` 2   f1?H  3 r> 1?Ii 3GL H # 8h2   f1?H  3 r> 1?Ii 3EL H #  H2   f1?H  3 r> 1?Ii 3DB   `D1?``B   `D1?h8@ hB   `D1?h hB   `D1?x@xB @  `D1?p  B   fD8c?0   3 rh> 1?> 1 BData packets (A,E)B   fD8c?0,$D 0B   fD8c?X ,$D 0B    fD8c?  B "  fD8c? ` ,$D  0 # 3 r> 1? ,9,$ 0 @ Link failure z `h %  8 ,$@  0B &  `D1?`hB 'B  `D1?phz `h ( X ` ,$@ 0B )  `D1?`hB *B  `D1?phL H +#  ( 2 ,  f1?H - 3 r> 1? Ii 3FB .  `D1? @ H B /  `D1?H % 0 3 r> 1?J ,$  0 ONode C uses cached route: F-G-E  1 3 r> 1? . D ,$ 0 @ Link failure  2  f$> 1? ,$ 0 NData packets dropped at Node F! 4  f> 1?Y8 E ,$ 0 W'Notification to intermediate node (F,C)((B 5  fD8c? x ( ,$D 0H 6  fH> 1? ,$ 0 ~NNode C has no other cached route, sends packet loss notification to sender (A)OOB 7@  fD8c?@ ,$D 0 8 3 rL> 1?1 Q ,$ 0 BNotification (C,A)H  0޽h ? T3f3f___::___PPT10:.ePQ+@D!8' > = @B D7' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DR' =%(%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*)?D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<* D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<* )?D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D?' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*+D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*+)?D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(Dt' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*5%(D' =%(Dq' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*5%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(+h+0+#0 ++0+#0 ++0+00 ++0+00 ++0+10 ++0+10 ++0+20 ++0+40 ++0+40 ++0+60 ++0+80 +}  0 n.f.BC-(  r  S v 0@  v  L H # x( 2   f1?H  3 rv 1?Ii 3AL H # 00 2   f1?H   3 rl v 1?Ii 3BL H  # H 0 2    f1?H   3 rl v 1?Ii 3CL H  # 8X 2   f1?H  3 rv 1?Ii 3EL H #  8 2   f1?H  3 rXv 1?Ii 3DB   `D1?PPB   `D1?X8@ XB   `D1?X XB   `D1?h@hB @  fD8c? h ,$D 0B @  fD8c?x 0 x ,$D 0B @  fD8c?  ,$D 0z `h  ,$D  0B   `D1?`hB B  `D1?ph  3 rv 1?9 Y,$ 0 @ Link failure L H # ( ` 2   f1?H   3 rP!v 1?Ii 3HL H !# ( x 2 "  f1?H # 3 rt%v 1?)Ii 3IB $  `D1? hp L H %# h8 2 &  f1?H ' 3 rP*v 1?Ii 3JL H (# hP 2 )  f1?H * 3 r|v 1?Ii 3KB +  `D1?0@ H 0B ,  `D1?8xB -  `D1?8 B .  `D1?( 8 B /@  `D1?0 ` 0 B 0@  fD8c?X`X 1 3 r3v 1? : ACK (E, A) B 2@  fD8c? ( ,$D  0B 3@  fD8c?( x( ,$D 0B 4@  fD8c?h ` h,$D# 0B 5  fD8c? x  ,$@ 0B 6  fD8c?8 8 8 ,$@ 0B 7  fD8c? ,$@! 0B 8@  fD8c?(p(,$D% 0B 9@  fD8c?p,$D$ 0' :  fx 3 rtAv 1? ^t ,$ 0 @ Link failure  ? 3 rEv 1? v ,$ 0 @Node I drops ACK, @  fJv 1? v  ,$ 0 b2Node I sends notification to intermediate node (C)33! A  fNv 1?   ,$ 0 W'Node C sends notification to sender (A)((@ B  f,Sv 1?a,$ 0 vFNode D hears notification, retransmits ACK using cached path D-K-J-B-AGG  C  fWv 1?YE,$& 0 AACK received at AH  0޽h ? T3f3f___OO___PPT10N.e+JMfDK' uv = @B D+B#style.visibility<*5%(D' =%(D~' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<* D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<* )?D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(Db' =%(D ' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<* D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<* )?D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Dq' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2%(Db' =%(D ' =%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*!D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*!)?D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*;%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(Do' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*>%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:%(D ' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*5%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(Dd' =%(D ' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*A%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*B%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*1%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*A%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*9%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8%(Do' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*C%(D&' =4@BBBB%(D' =?B70, 0; .2, .5; .8, .5; 1, 0-g6B fade*<3<*D' =0l9 BBBB*<3<*)?+H+0+0 ++0+0 ++0+10 ++0+:0 ++0+:0 ++0+>0 ++0+>0 ++0+?0 ++0+?0 ++0+@0 ++0+@0 ++0+A0 ++0+A0 ++0+B0 ++0+C0 +$  0 $(  r  S v 0@  v  r  S 0v 0j v  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.e +$  0  $(   r   S H!0@   r   S  "0j  H   0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.e$  0  $(  r  S *0@   r  S +0j  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.esz$  0 0$(  r  S 70@   r  S h80j  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.e/V$  0 @$(  r  S ,=0@   r  S @0j  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.e$  0 P$(  r  S F0@   r  S |G0j  H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.epbh1$  0 ` $(   r   S ȅw0@  w r   S w0j w H   0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.e؁rh&F( /3_?jLPO#QTVoǵޔ 6b?01Oh+'0Ux   , 8 D P\dWelcomeDistributed SystemsFabian E. Bustamante AquaLab05Fabian E. Bustamante210Microsoft PowerPoint@ @}@ OQ@nXfGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___wwwm4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwweeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮϮ՜.+,0    VOn-screen ShowEast Texas Data Service; Times New RomanTahomaArial WingdingsVerdana Helvetica aqualab01VImproving TCP Performance over MANETs by Exploiting Cross-Layer Information AwarenessOutline Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs)Routing in MANETs (cont)Mobility and TCPELFN: A Solution to Mobile TCPEPLN and BEAD OverviewExamples: EPLNExamples: BEADCross Layer InteractionsEvaluation SetupSetting RTO and cwndEvaluation: Throughput"Evaluation: Number of Slow StartsPacket Overhead Conclusion  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles,_V0Fabian E. BustamanteFabian E. Bustamante  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQSTUVWXY^Root EntrydO)Pictures2Current UserRSummaryInformation(DUPowerPoint Document(MzDocumentSummaryInformation8J