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O =(j?>Practical, transparent operating system support for superpages??4 Juan Navarro, Sitaram Iyer, Peter Druschel, Alan Cox (Rice University) Appears in: Fifth Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 2002) Presented by: David R. Choffnes LPP v      * J" ZOutlineVThe superpage problem Related Approaches Design Implementation Evaluation Conclusion  J[ IntroductionTLB coverage Definition Effect on performance Superpages Wasted memory Fragmentation Contribution General, transparent superpages Deals with fragmentation Contiguity-aware page replacement algo Demotion/Eviction of dirty superpages Z!Z ZZ ZZ !  P. ? < hThe Superpage Problem  6TLB coverage trend TLB coverage of % of main memory$7iThe Superpage Problem  Increasing TLB coverage More TLB entries is expensive Larger page size leads to internal fragmentation and increased I/O Solution: use multiple page sizes Superpage definition Hardware-imposed constraints Finite set of page sizes (subset of powers of 2) Contiguity AlignmentN2F2F  oj  NSuperpage Issues and Tradeoffs $Allocation Relocation Reservation N  lkSuperpage Issues (Cont.) |Promotion Incremental Timing (not too soon, not too late) Demotion and Eviction Hardware reference and dirty bit limitation d 0, 0, mIssue 2: promotionuPromotion: create a superpage out of a set of smaller pages mark page table entry of each base page When to promote? Z<(<' nSuperpage Issues: Fragmentation Fragmentation Memory becomes fragmented due to use of multiple page sizes persistence of file cache pages scattered wired (non-pageable) pages Contiguity as contended resourceb!`!!E!)oRelated ApproachesKHP-UX and IRIX Reservations Not transparent Page Relocation Used exclusively, leads to lower performance due to increased TLB misses Hardware Support Talluri and Hill: Remove contiguity requirement This approach: Hybrid reservation and relocation system with page replacement that biases toward pages that contribute to contiguityZZZIZZ0ZZI 0ffpDesignReservation-based superpage management Multiple superpage sizes Demotion of sparsely referenced superpages Preservation of contiguity w/o compaction Efficient disk I/O for partially modified SPs Uses buddy allocator for contiguous regionsb  ' U uKey observationExample: array initialization Opportunistic policies superpages as large and as soon as possible as long as no penalty if wrong decision&5T5Tq ReservationsySet of frames initially reserved at page fault Fixed-size objects: largest aligned superpage that is not larger than the object Dynamic objects: same as fixed, but reservation is allowed to extend beyond the end of the object Preemption If no available memory for allocation request, system will preempt the reservation whose most recent page allocation occurred least recentlyN/ /  S tManaging reservations rOther Design IssuesmFragmentation control Coalescing Contiguity-aware page replacement Incremental promotions Occurs as soon as a superpage region is fully populated Speculative demotion Occurs on eviction (recursively) Occurs on first write to clean superpage Overhead too high for hash digests Daemon periodically demotes pages speculatively Necessary due to reference bit limitationZ-ZZ8ZZJZ#Z0Z*Z-8 J#0*,n p ~vIncremental promotionsPromotion policy: opportunistic Z sMore Design IssuesdMulti-list reservation scheme One list of each page size supported by hardware Reservations sorted by allocation recency Preemption removes from head of list Reservation recursively broken into extents Fully populated extents are not put in reservation lists Population map Reserved frame lookup Overlap avoidance Promotion decisions Preemption assistance beSe SqwImplementation Notes(FreeBSD uses three lists of pages in A-LRU order: active, inactive, cache Contiguity-aware page daemon Cache considered available for allocation Daemon activated when contiguity falls low Clean file-backed pages moved to inactive as soon as file is closed Wired page clustering Multiple mappings Ng(g( x EvaluationSetup FreeBSD 4.3 Alpha 21264, 500 MHz, 512 MB RAM 8 KB, 64 KB, 512 KB, 4 MB pages 128-entry DTLB, 128-entry ITLB Unmodified applications&Best-Case ResultsTLB miss reduction usually above 95% SPEC CPU2000 integer 11.2% improvement (0 to 38%) SPEC CPU2000 floating point 11.0% improvement (-1.5% to 83%) Other benchmarks FFT (2003 matrix): 55% 1000x1000 matrix transpose: 655% 30%+ in 8 out of 35 benchmarks:!8:! /yBenefits of multiple page sizes zSustained benefitsUse Web server to fragment memory, then use FFTW to see how quickly memory is reclaimed FFTW reaches a speedup of almost 55%, Web server performance degrades only 1.6% on successive run Concurrent execution: only 3% degradation with modified page daemon {Fragmentation control |Adversary applicationsIncremental promotion Slowdown of 8.9%, 7.2% is hardware-specific Sequential access 0.1% degradation Preemption 1.1% degradation General overhead Use superpage supporting mechanisms, but don t promote: 1-2% performance degradation, U, U H}Cetera{Dirty Superpages Performance penalty of not demoting is a factor of 20 Scalability Most operations O(1), O(S) or O(S*R) Daemon, promotion, demotion and dirty/reference bit emulation are linear Promotion/Demotion is amortized to O(S) for programs the need to change page size only early in life Dirty/Reference bits: Motivates the need for clustered page tables either in OS or HWb6 n6 n  l~ ConclusionEffective, transparent and efficient support for superpages Demonstrates effectiveness of multiple page sizes Improved performance for nearly all applications Minimal overhead Scalable to large numbers of page sizes,1 u'(   0` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!` T3f3f___>?" dd@$?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `(p>>  H@ (    s *乍 "0@  T Click to edit Master title style! !  c $м "0j  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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