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O =Mj?!Lightweight Remote Procedure Call""! " |B. Bershad, T. Anderson, E. Lazowska and H. Levy U. Of Washington Appears in SOSP 1989 Presented by: Fabin E. Bustamante 6|{b    C   Z IntroductionGranularity of protection mech. used by an OS has significant impact on system s design & use Capability systems Fine-grained protection  object exists in its own protection domain All object live within a single name or address space A process in one domain can act on an object in another only through a protected procedure call Parameter passing simplified by existence of global name space containing all objects Problems w/ efficient implementations In distributed computing, large-grained protection mechanisms RPC facilitates placement of subsystems in different machines Absence of global address space ameliorated by automatic stub generators & sophisticated run-time libraries Widely used, efficient and convenient model^qZWZ>ZZqW>  i ObservationSmall kernel OSs borrows large-grained protection & programming models from distributed computing Separate component placed in disjoint domains Messages used for all inter-domain communication But, also adopt their control transfer & comm. model Independent threads exchanging msgs. containing potentially large, structured values However, common case  most comm. in an OS are & Cross-domain (bet/ domains on same machine) instead of cross-machine Simple because complex data structures are concealed behind abstract system interfaces Thus model violates the common case ! low performance or bad modularity, commonly the latterb_5]b_5    $  "7, \] MotivationUse & performance of RPC (inside the OS) Frequency of cross-machine activity Systems examined The V System Highly decomposed system  all through msg. passing Tao, the Firefly OS Middle-sized kernel responsible for VM, sched. and device access; rest access through RPC (FS, network protocols, ...) Unix/NSF All local system functions accessed through kernel traps, RPC for communication w/ FS )$ 4x V)$  4  x Wb MotivationtParameter size & complexity  based on static & dynamic analysis of SRC RPC usage in Taos OS 28 RPC services w/ 366 procedures Over 4 days and 1.5million cross-domain procedure calls 95% calls went to 10/112 procedures 75% to 3/112 Number of bytes transfer - majority < 200B No data types were recursively defined *c Motivation<The performance of cross-domain RPC (times in sec) Null procedure  void Null() { return;} Theoretical minimum as a cross-domain operation One procedure call Kernel trap & change of processor s VM context on call Kernel trap and context change on return Anything above this is overhead|\0s ."*0  s    d MotivationxOverhead  where s the time going? Stub overhead  diff. bet/ cross-domain & cross-machine call hidden by lower layers ! general but infrequently needed e.g. 70sec. to run null stub Message buffer overhead  message exchange bet/ client/server ! 4 copies (through kernel) on call/return (alloc & copy) Access validation  kernel needs to validate sender both ways Message transfer  queue/de-queue of msg. Scheduling  while user sees one abstract thread, there s a thread per domain and needs to be handled Context switch  from client to server and back Dispatch  receiver thread in server must interpret msg. & dispatch thread Some optimizations tried DASH avoids kernel copy by allocating msg. out of a region mapped in both kernel & user domains Mach & Taos rely on hand-off scheduling to bypass general sched. Some systems pass few & small parameters in registers SRC RPC gives up some safety w/ globally shared buffers, no access validation, etc #V+#T"(  "T"  *$$$$,!^Design & Implementation of LRPCExecution model, programming semantic & large-grained protection model borrowed from RPC Binding done at the granularity of i/f - a set of procedures A server module exports an i/f LRPC runtime library (server clerk) registers i/f with a name server A client binds to the i/f by making an import call to kernel Kernel notifies server's waiting clerk Clerk replies with list of PD (procedure descriptor): One PD per procedure in the i/f Entry address in server domain & size of A-stack for arguments and return value For each PD Kernel pairwise allocates in client & server domain a # of A-stacks A-stacks are read-write shared by client & server, can be shared among proc. Kernel allocates linkage record for the A-stack Kernel returns to the client a Binding Object -- unforgable certificate to access server's interface (capability-like) List of A-stacks for procedures in the i/f F?`"Q FM0  $'`  ")  ! FM           |30+g ckDesign & Implementation of LRPC8Calling Client calls user-stub Stub puts arguments into A-stack given by kernel at binding Stub places binding object, A-stack address & proc. id into registers & traps to kernel Kernel executes in the context of client thread Verifies Binding Object, A-stack & locates linkage record Puts return address & the current stack pointer into linkage record Finds an E-stack (Execution stack) of the server  new or from pool Updates thread's user stack pointer to run off of server's E-stack - Note that thread is client thread Reloads processor's VM registers with those of server domain Performs upcall into server-stub Server-stub Calls the server, which executes with the A-stack and E-stack When the server returns, trap to the kernel Kernel does the light weight context switch back to the client address space Client-stub again Reads the return value from the A-stack Returns the result to the clientPPPPPPPJP      J^9lDesign & Implementation of LRPCzStub Generation Two types of stubs automatically generated from Modula2+ definition file Simple & fast stub in assembly language for most cases  4x faster Complex & general in Modular2+ for complex arguments, exception handling, etc LRPC on Multiprocessors Locking mechanism is required for A-stacks Further reduced context switch In single processor, light-weight context switch still incurs big overheads: vm register updates, TLB misses Context switch In MP - popular server's context are cached in idle processors (domain caching) When client calls server procedure, kernel exchanges caller's processor w/ server's Calling thread placed on proc. On return, kernel exchanges processors backKMK  Mj!Design and Implementation of LRPCArgument Copying Conventional RPC: 4 times - user-stub/RPC msg/kernel/RPC msg/server-stub LRPC: one - user-stub/A-stack Copy operations for LRPC vs Message-based RPCLi.h.>; F_ EvaluationRTest run on C-VAX Firefly Null is baseline, others have  typical parameter sizes Each point avg. of 10k cross-domain calls LRPC/MP uses the idle processor optimizationf EvaluationBreakdown for the serial (1-proc) Null LRPC on a C-VAX (all in sec) Minimum is a timing breakdown for the theoretical minimum cross-domain call Stub cost  18 in client s and 3 in server s stub In kernel costs go to binding, validation and linkage 25% is due to TLB misses during virtual address translation  data structures and control sequence designed to reduce it :s?"0g Evaluation:LRPC avoids locking shared data during call/return to remove contention on shared-memory multiprocessors Each A-stack queue is guarded by its own lock Figure shows the number of processors simultaneously making calls  domain caching was disabled (each call required a context switch)  eThe uncommon casesWorking well in common case & acceptable in less common ones (just a few examples) Transparency & cross-machine calls Cross-domain/machine? Early decision  first instruction in stub. Cost of indirection is negligible in comparison A-stacks  size and number PD lists are defined during compilation If size of arguments is known, A-stack size can be determined statically, otherwise use a default size = Ethernet packet size Beyond that, use an out-of-band mem. segment ($$ & infrequent) Domain termination  e.g. unhandled exception or user action All resources reclaimed by the OS All bindings are revoked All threads are stopped If the terminating domain is a server handling a LRPC request, the outstanding call must return to the client domain To handle outstanding threads, you can create a new one to replace captured ones and later kill the captured one upon returnvPrPPP=P"P1PuP}Pvr  ="1u}` ConclusionLRPC  combining elements from capabilities & RPC systems Adopts common-case approach to comm. A viable comm. alternative for small-kernel OSs Optimized for comm. b/ protection domains in same machine Combines control transfer & comm. model of capability systems w/ the programming semantics of & large-grained protection model of RPC Techniques Simple control transfer  client s thread does the work in servers domain Simple data transfer - ~PC passing parameter mechanism (shared stack) Simple & highly optimized stubs Design for concurrency  avoids shared data structure bottlenecks Implemented in the DEC C-VAX Firefly T[ZZ%ZZ[&(   0` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!` T3f3f___>?" dd@$?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `(p>>  H@ (    s *P "0@  T Click to edit Master title style! !  c $< "0j  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  Nff??"?  Nff??"? F  "  Nff??"  Nff??"   Nff??"  Nff??"?  c $Ш "`  b*(2Z  B޽h))? ? 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BustamanteFabian E. Bustamante  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures YCurrent UserSummaryInformation(XDUPowerPoint Document(UDocumentSummaryInformation8