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What do they do? How are they structured? How do applications & users interact with their OS? & Processes Ideas, operation on processes, states, & (exc. 3.6) Threads Idea of threads, models, implementation, issues, & Scheduling Scheduling criteria, algorithms, evaluation, & Synchronization Race condition, critical section, different solutions, classical problems, & (exc. 6.9) 33 /X 3  3 /  X$$?[Format of the exam5-8 questions @ 3 different level Recall  What s a thread? Understanding  How do system calls relate to the concept of dual-mode operation? Association  Can two threads in the same process synchronize using a kernel semaphore if the threads are implemented by the kernel? What if they are implemented in user space? Full class time Some basic advise Read all questions first Start from the easiest one and leave the harder ones for the end Approximate results are almost always a valid answer; for sure I don t need 5-decimal precision answers! Write clearly; if I can t read it I can t grade it!"ZZ"ZZ" B"  \Example questionskWhat is the purpose of system calls, and how do system calls relate to the OS and to the concept of dual-mode (kernel and user mode) operation? A system call is used by an application program (in user mode) to invoke a function provided by the operating system. Typically, the system call results in control transfer to a system program that runs in kernel mode.  kl]Example questionsWhy is the process table needed in a timesharing system? It is also needed in personal computer systems in which only one process exists (taking the entire machine until it is finished)? The process table is used to keep, for every process in the system, all information that must be saved when the process is switched from running to ready or blocked state, so that it can be re-started later as if nothing had happend. Now, if there were only one process that is never context-switched out, then a process table would not be that useful. Zz^Example questionKIf you want to separate scheduling policy from mechanism, you have to parameterize the scheduling algorithm to set the policy. What are the parameters (if any) of each of the scheduling algorithms? (a) FIFO (b) RR (c) Priority (d) Shortest job first (a) nothing, (b) quantum length, (c) priority order, tie-braker(?), (d) nothing. @4R4R3_Example questionIA set of batch jobs A through E arrive at a computer center at almost the same time. Their estimated running times and externally determined priority (3 being the highest) are given in the following table: P Arrival Burst Priority A 0.0 3 3 B 0.1 5 1 C 0.3 1 2 D 1.2 5 1 For each of the following scheduling algorithms, determine the mean process turnaround time & average waiting time. For (a) assume a quantum = 2. For (b) notice that higher numbers imply higher priorities. 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