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What is an operating system? Class organization History of operating systems Next time: Basic computer systems organization; OS Components & Structure pZZ ZDZZ CzX Welcome to OSnEverything you need to know http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/~fabianb/classes/cs-343.html Your instructor: Fabin E. Bustamante Your TAs: Stefan Birrer & Dave Choffnes UNIX Review Session: ? (time & place TBD) Your guide to Deep C: ? (time & place TBD) Communication channels: Course webpage News: cs.343 at news.cs.northwestern.edu cs-343-ta@cs for other questions vZ<ZZZZZ<Z  N;8$ 0W{YWhy study Operating Systems?Tangible reasons: Build/modify one: OSs are everywhere Administer and use them well Tune application performance Good capstone course Intangible reasons: Curiosity Use/gain knowledge from/for other areas Challenge of designing large, complex systemsNt`t` }ZDA Computer System: Where s the OS?Components of a computer system Hardware  provides basic computing resources Physical devices Microarchitecture Machine language Applications  define ways in which resources are used to solve users problems Including system programs Operating System  control & coordinate use of hardware by users applications Users  .4RW .4R  W~[What is an Operating System? An extended machine  top-down/user view Hiding the messy details, presenting a virtual machine A resource manager  bottom-up/system view Everybody gets a fair-share of time/space from a resource  multiplexing (time & space) A control program  to prevent errors & improper use (CP/M anybody?) Basically - a bundle of helpful, commonly used things Goals Convenience  make solving user problems (your life) easier Efficiency  use the computer hardware in an efficient manner (expensive machines demand efficient use))7+<)7+  <l,What s part of the OS?Trickier question than you think: file system, device drivers, shells, window system, browser,&  Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system would be good approximation But varies wildly  The one program running at all times on the computer is the kernel. Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) or an application programxa[Hga[H  g]Preview Today  Where we are and how we got there Then  OS components and structure Each component at a time and the abstractions it supports Processes and threads Memory management I/O and file systems Brief introduction to distributed systems & security Where are we heading?v "V=K "V = K ^Class OrganizationSyllabus Classes Review & Outline Lecture part 1 Admin Lecture part 2 Summary & Preview TA Sessions Once a week (Wed), one TA and the whole class Asking questions  email them to our staff before the classNH jH j _Class OrganizationXCourse book and papers Other recommended sources Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment, R. Stevens, Addison-Wesley, 1992. A basic book for anyone writing programs that run under Unix (Highly recommended) Exams (2), homework (5) and projects (4) Rough schedule http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/~fabianb/classes/cs-343.html Grading Policies ~18<18<    01]  0 F`History of Operating SystemsREarly attempts  Babbage s (1792-1871)  Analytical Engine Ada Lovelace  World s First Programmer Phase 1: Hardware expensive, humans cheap First generation  1945-1955 Vacuum tubes, plug boards, MARK 1, ENIAC, & Second generation  1955-1965 Transistors, IBM 1401 & 7094 Batch systems Spooling ((*,4((* ,4aHistory of Operating Systems`Phase 2: Both computers and people expensive Third generation  1965-1980 Interactive time-sharing ICs and multiprogramming, IBM System/360, minicomputers, MULTICS, UNIX OS features needed for multiprogramming I/O routine supplied by the system Memory management, CPU scheduling Allocation of devices v-8G(\-8G(\ bHistory of Operating Systems\Phase 3: hardware cheap, humans expensive Fourth generation  1980-1990 Cheap computers  everybody gets one Personal computing, MS-DOS, Unix, Intel 8088 & x86, Windows NT,& &**cHistory of Operating SystemsPPhase 4: Distributed systems A networked world  1990- & Computers everywhere, networked computers, & Fast and cheap networks Implications to OS and Systems in general &dSummaryMany good reasons to study Operating Systems Many alternative takes on what an OS is History and the idea behind describing change Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (Ernst Haeckel) Is systems research dead? 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BustamanteFabian E. Bustamante  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures2Current UserSummaryInformation(0UPowerPoint Document(MDocumentSummaryInformation8