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'/o^\Pܟ=*ooZJ[vY^ӛ9.9t?:m9(ԯoZJ[a5VP OvQP y/bja.PC9.ooZJ[ɡϑ׷G-B%$rôn~xED!v9ԣEx)G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aB=~&G*aʃg5C]Frb8o;c ԬJPF*BAdzS3P+'XB6f_ ԽoBf_pڥ?;Ob b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b _V/^A2 f/_}51n(p YBDBS*]PzIssyٗl??:$:gv_ nLcß]zwwP*i72N)ǹvI~?={mC<㦤PLCu iPסz yP=I4cM_uJmupiv xދ:W Y8wM KI82-?8ލ{`~~ZmO͞gx{Ҧ3IENDB`C( 6/ 0DTimes New Roman(0(z[ 0 DTahomaew Roman(0(z[ 0 " DArialew Roman(0(z[ 0 "0DWingdingsRoman(0(z[ 0 @DVerdanasRoman(0(z[ 0 "PDHelveticaRoman(0(z[ 0 @ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` rj 4 5  =NO =hi$jGklm nopqrstuvw?y=0t b$r|"_b9X:!b$:Y"ՌPNG  IHDR +tsRGB PLTEfffm cmPPJCmp0712 7tRNS@fIDATWc`  SP1H $XLIENDB`P68?  O =.QDistributed Systems>Distributed systems Goals Hardware concepts Software concepts RDistributed systems A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users of the system as a single computer. Two aspect to the definition: Machines are autonomous The user thinks of them as a single system Some examples Network of computing Workflow information system WWW {C5{C  5k4GoalsTo make them worth the effort Connecting users and resources Make easy to access remote resources (and collaborate) & Share them in a controlled way Openness  so that & Applications can be portable Different implementations can interoperate DS can be flexible and extensible Transparency  hide the fact that resources are distributed Scalability  given world-wide connectivity, scalability in Size - # of users/resources Geographic span AdministrativelyZZYZZkZ<ZZ=Z=ZX   j ;  ==  l5 TransparencyKinds of transparency Degree of transparency How much are you willing to pay for it? Performance, consistency, & .4ZDZ4Dm6 ScalabilityImpediments to scalability Centralized services  A single server for all users Centralized data  A single on-line telephone book Centralized algorithms  Routing based on complete information Decentralized algorithms No machine has complete info on the system state Decisions made base on local info Failure of one machine doesn t ruin the algorithm No implicit assumption of a global clock5s" 4 2 ?  n7Scaling TechniquesHiding communication latency  avoid waiting for responses to remote service request when possible Asynchronous communication Reduce overall communication Distribution  split a component into parts & distribute them across the system (e.g. Domain Name System) Replication Increase availability Helps balance the load May hide communication latency But now got to deal with consistency issues!zc9wyc8 j y  o8Hardware Conceptsp9Multiprocessors Single address space shared by all Coherency is easy but scalability a problem Solution  cache  now coherency is an issueP#,0#,0 q:<Multiprocessors  switch-basediCompetition for the bus is still an issue Switch-based systems? Crossbar switch & Omega switching network&@*@*r;Multicomputers<Easier to build  problem is interconnection Homogenous  System Area Network Homogeneous nodes rack mounted and Interconnected by a high-performance network (e.g. grid, hypercube) Heterogeneous  both in the nodes and the interconnection network Problem  hiding heterogeneity is hard-!gB'-!g  B  '  s<Software Concepts@Distributed systems like operating systems Act as resource manager & hide the ugliness w/ a VM OS for distributed computers can be divided in Distributed OS  tightly-coupled systems Network OS  loosely-coupled systems From Network OS to Distributed systems  middleware for transparencyl+4/NE+4/N  Et=Uniprocessor Operating SystemstOS for distributed systems & uniprocessors are very much alike They act as resource managers for the underlying hardware Provide a VM that hide the intricacies of the underlying hardware Part of enabling sharing is protecting apps from each other Dual mode of operation Dual-mode led to monolithic OSs (all the OS runs in kernel mode) Microkernels Pros  flexible, user-level modules can be distributed Cons  challenge status-quo, IPC costs ?|<X _?|<X   _u>!Multiprocessors Operating SystemsFrom uniprocessors to multiprocessors  a natural step Protect OS data structures against concurrent access to guarantee consistency Same primitives as for multitasking in uniprocessor OS Semaphores MonitorsL77 N7v?Multicomputer Operating SystemsNo shared memory  message passing comm. Buffering  at which end? Synchronization  blocking/non-blocking? Reliability  guaranteed delivery or not? You can Exposed message passing to application Hide it through distributed shared memoryV*n R*n R  w@Distributed Shared MemorySince MP seems to be more difficult to program for Distributed Shared Memory AS divided into pages Pages distributed among machines Performance improvements Replicate read-only pages Replicate all pages Weaker than strict consistency Larger pages sizes ! potential problem of false sharing |MdMd`  bbxANetwork Operating SystemVarious machines interconnected; users can access remote resources No assumptions of Homogeneous underlying hardware Managed as a single system Pros and Cons Harder to use Harder to manage Very easy to scale lU;2U;2  yB MiddlewareRemember the definition of a distributed system Distributed OS  not intended to handle independent machines Network OS  does not provide a view of a single coherent system Most distributed systems are built from NOS + middleware@0~90~9zCMiddleware Models and Services0To make development and integration simple  adopt a paradigm Everything is a file Remote Procedure Calls Distributed Objects Distributed Documents Services common to many middleware systems Communication Naming Persistence Distributed Transaction Security Middleware and opennessl>V+B>V+B  |EComparison between Systems   ` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!>?" dd@$?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `(p>>  4,@ (    s *8 "0  T Click to edit Master title style! !  c $О "80p  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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ZB " s *1 ? `B # 0o ?DD H  0޽h ? ̙33  FR(  ~  s *xuw0  w   s *yw80p w "P@08@H  0޽h ? ̙33  <(  ~  s *w0  w ~  s *w80p w H  0޽h ? ̙33  E=(  ~  s * w0  w p  H _P:5A?.   `Hw1?;  KMultiprocessors (2c   `pw1?9  JMulticomputers (2c  ZXw1?"`E  \"Single address space shared by all#(2#c   Z9}1?"` SSingle bus connecting all(2c  Z1?"`   SMultiple wires & a switch(2cH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   LD(  p  HpiJCA?L) ~  s *y0  y ~  s * y80p y  8 ( `   X(    Z1?"`( `    Z1?"` `    Z1?"``  H  0޽h ? ̙33c[___PPT10;+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(Da' =4@BB BB%()))D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+  $(  p  HiY6/A ?t~  s *Dy0  y ~  s *y80p y H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  <(  ~  s *('y0  y ~  s *+y80p y H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  l(  ~  s *:y0  y ~  s * ?y80p y (p z a]  #"" bI  BEy?>a] m!Provide distribution transparency""b  @`  BXFy?>] BAdditional layer atop of NOS implementing general-purpose servicesCCb  @`  B,Xy?z>] V Middleware  b  @`  Bhy? a> r&Offer local services to remote clients''b  @`   BXy? > OLoosely-coupled operating system for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN)PPb  @`   Bzy?z > ONOSb  @`   B|y? a  n"Hide and manage hardware resources##b  @`   By?   TTightly-coupled operating system for multi-processors and homogeneous multicomputersUUb  @`   BLy?z   ODOSb  @`  By? a  W Main Goal  b  @`  By?   Y Description  b  @`  B$y?z   TSystemb  @``B  0o ?z a ZB  s *1 ?z a ZB  s *1 ?z a ZB  s *1 ?z>a>`B  0o ?z]a]`B  0o ?z z]ZB  s *1 ? ]ZB  s *1 ? ]`B  0o ?a a]H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  $(  p  Hpbc2*0A?d  <~  s *,y0  y ~  s *y80p y H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +   <(  ~  s *;y0  y ~  s *`y80p y H  0޽h ? T3f3f______PPT10i.P+D=' = @B +  $0(  p  HraLFA6?S _ ~  s *@y0  y ~  s *y80p y H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  @(  p  HU8EH+7A?o +E~  s *y0  y ~  s *80p y   Z1?"` Ch  PCPU 1 references page 10 2c   Z1?"`- d,Page 10 is read only and replication is used- 2-c H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  $P(  ~  s *0   ~  s *#80p  p  HocLFA4? ; H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  $`(  ~  s *X$0   ~  s *880p  p  Hk\oJGA7? ; dfH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  p<(  ~  s *F0   ~  s *K80p  H  0޽h ? T3f3f______PPT10i.:+D=' = @B +*  * *<<)(  ~  s *0   ( ,;  # #"6* rrrp   B? ;  NOpen  @`  Bx? ;  NOpen  @`  B0? ;  PClosed  @`  B?  ;  PClosed  @`  B@?, ;  ROpenness    @`   B?   PVaries  @`   B(?   MYes  @`   Bd*?  T Moderately    @`   B3?   LNo  @`   B<4?,   U Scalability    @`  BE?   RPer node    @`  BT=?   RPer node    @`  BW?  ]Global, distributed  @`  B`?   YGlobal, central  @`  BLp?,   ]Resource management  @`  Br?F   XModel specific  @`  B |? F   OFiles  @`  BP? F  RMessages    @`  Bx?F   W Shared memory  @`  B?,F   aBasis for communication  @`  Bȟ? F  KN  @`  B? F  KN  @`  B? F  KN  @`  B\?  F  K1  @`  B?, F  `Number of copies of OS  @`  Bҁ?  LNo  @`  BՁ?   LNo  @`  B$ށ?   MYes  @`   B|?  MYes  @` ! B?,  ^Same OS on all nodes  @` " B?B NHigh  @` # B? B MLow  @` $ BP ? B  NHigh  @` % B?B  S Very High    @` & B#?,B `Degree of transparency  @` ' B%?  B V Multicomp.    @` ( B$/? B V Multiproc.    @` ) B8??B _Middleware-based OS  @` * BlA? B V Network OS    @` + B K?  ZDistributed OS  @` , BS?,B PItem  @``B - 0o ?,ZB . s *1 ?,BBZB / s *1 ?,ZB 0 s *1 ?,  ZB 1 s *1 ?,F F ZB 2 s *1 ?,  ZB 3 s *1 ?,  `B 4 0o ?,; ; `B 5 0o ?,,; ZB 6 s *1 ?; ZB 7 s *1 ?  ; ZB 8 s *1 ?; `B 9 0o ?; ZB : s *1 ?  ; ZB ; s *1 ? ZB < s *1 ?,  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +rp609ZCPQ _|bke-ga{F|J>? @ Oh+'0T px     (4<LFSFabian E. BustamanteP lecture03BuFabian E. 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BustamanteFabian E. Bustamante  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures Current UserSummaryInformation(LUPowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8w