ࡱ> F*Nт۳ Y*JFIF`WANG2 CREATOR: XV Version 3.10a Rev: 12/29/94 (PNG patch 1.2) Quality = 75, Smoothing = 0 C    $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342 i }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz?Ѷm:LREQEQE܍L-QMM/L3NQLy5=XMqq' X?|%bVX?|# rgK6 ¢G4'  ͷy!HAx"I9ϙ6kR,cT]cnAJ,1Ymi鷾lFƻcTQ = *HVA\RqIQӬY!/PdJA5o:MfӮ+u~$=kwkV/nF )s4ޚcS.* |WB襎Xuu# ԔQEQEQEQEQERQEQKEQEQEQEQEQE! s[څF@3ɯWNjˢ^L|9M$K^ៀk3ϖzk <9SI 9MvQQ5EQ( s2f&K>ҷTr rEr4_^Z fmX6%2J:״+2#"z6ycOh[jtj?k:"ߺox~4Etrkc9unp?*xE2q(@¹:mkrQy"jo⻟@#mOS^V~iVQ@qL4H/`[$6+3Q4Z&K(f ܼu~$*inֳu5!a? H4(r%4xNt5]>34ף2K]6Pۆmkw:FCoT4gr=+pjxU ?*? 6#^%1׬xR.4EB2Mp+*Q GtR1G,O#c ¾CQ>'%7A|XQkpf=6V%*E|.'PӭnapTs򯡭mm*U=MZxA)@-nI#+ſ 5 3M-sj"X S<'K]l 2E} 7ɝb }* -QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQHzkM+̲(rs_9ǚߍ/v4 8?`{}м/xr R%hw2Xڤvq 'sIK5FH6*? h^'RW!~VV+|-]E1&=mR5E(WcIh/޵? $ 6%ٌD}*Oxz/ecm:r1{׿ibL$J +ʾngC^5TWxݲSRJ'K?4b\۵} {-GCӂ fAWVj]/ڍ66~5|;:3I+:Mg3sonMڑ׌pmoZq\\JҊJul&]!qYfXSpѱ#XHG*9,/_In|^ xs_nFJk< 1i }­u-%!J(((((((((()@Ҽ[/;Lr(9 4sZKoF7}31uy2^: ڕWnaZQ^cxZC5 #{y~hq4n٬|\qҾw+M\S ⾗VWPAdyYzݨom2W+/jZ]QX(uiؽ*иL ̺ cg+0$5~{y Oz'58𽿊=qg"5Ah xxKIJxgX-}_5b:aՁR2=k>3,>p%F>Z|%`4 ָd ƼoZ?!62GAaKM m^Sy>w ѥHc]Er3 7w{pCQO^:ϊ5+^M>/0dtm졊_:UP}kGc4; rTaG"y #gdJ<UmY_Mcźglub@~e5QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQTyG c+築?Z]+CdI0<ҹ_;|ev;0ْgJc|3`}G+TA'.xͯkHۡDoG9h$<+q;(P9$N/\jVf;N/zNWUC۹\U#+7^O|S tqGnk`Mn$#pZOKi V׊m*(/. 0ֹ/2ҼW($^IPbxcږi>%ɶ&|xᯌ5kUKłMqs^yYV5@ 1׼[Y4rVQ7c!ul)?_TcYۅ%\~:QLwTFf` OJoֱI}M{4<9[i n u5cmj6ڎ!Jx|H|\ RyWDktG2^5 j:,k ,с+t_[.2A4M 6(VE"'EQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQETI.%_ďW$M7Nш$dsĒǩjHir_Iime)HEhqA/jmnOGc/Դ<hM ނo豓yBU5ɏ31oՎfV7 4L:ҴW?&owSђ E|cZtMnTNA_FitW$jq*ʹwVA.J:=NgúLq9,qQ?P)䢂IP=jڥ􂩟9n>2<xӓŚ [fufwI?-AZ r#XڃW7xcKuK۸CMlۑȮc-yŏp#9S{xP?ɯl"F5u'/ v Si^ɵCv7G$;hZY3tg'WUËXıj 2y]k"d=W?~!YRi_x-QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEV+hi$H2OJĩCw.R3`>|/_T)`*>}'imvGP8W;yhPy o#I]G{k%˺9)5ZvSO^ZIc#]W¦r~lk-;6ifx*e7EWv]wJmcJNNVF@kZ,g&YFI5*F bczou(UUk>9Xh]:\o];I"~|G՜5+১Vu1;ո~ig៼9?_?AQyWj{|j|Fmu˸{U)>xMoxWQ;3?5Vm>4jk<@}E?һⷅu;ՂCq]ݽbKyD=5ltV>{e,S"-mo 5"ws)נs66g+cw>0Ք~[ts./ ߵaש5R2[A!yz54k.xMP\%` #_zr=ih((((((()ŘI=oyt-&l@HJ]l?j xE$U\|qikCPbWMq'Éj]#4NUМ0?Jk6:=7w1ƈ3 7ѧvhaֿ|su=^OX8~wpk>LBVJ5k51x퍬.+on<;Isr"f[>2ibŚt|0+i+6yzyjsJѰSWjռ5OFBmZkTExr.b xVγa+ح-" (UQLu m6K(MxcǖX+CYaxn7ۻRpG;źd*#k;Pռ P4St9WEb^6yv^4jvu2W`: Z(#{Zi=C[xDbPng5-B)μTQv j2Ǵ V|;r{[xKKv?ZmB.-fIbq)Yx $QeB"Ny-*[ǜk&Ծ+kei-?t+Yxke孔A#D k7'|}us:Hϧ^t/hOhf");s׵E4w,0daa^Ucz&a]B >7o<-@[d5}gjvƟ C iEQEQEQEQEQEQEQA\|UoMk\y"%'MFR}p3_Wx3С X֝a][NpvƤ?GS-k)m.Y!qiMgƫ.M*M?ƻ߃VΟ& f2r^8mj;\_؆kHzG_ʽӌgj6]^Lă%׊jF7IvKZC_k5?wr8ׅEp~;e2u'A\1)xOvmq^[ë~ex!;H6yG>64=Bb-?,~( QEQEQEQEQEQEQET,$N)UWcelB}kվ t-uP-{;tƋ[]_HLVk,q^OA9mm2yS]+?R-uk)m/"YaU|  5'KM'=Sǚd6̻nf샽z<e8E.fiRkK~(3p>T,k?|]9B7 ? _K͒X@||konfQOݦm97$}szP !x6UK(sYk C\\n>|Q}lBMGQף 59j4 㷒:v ?Wc]FCQ^y^yOxYG\֦Mrpj# BےU-x1oK"_\wqDeQɌ4RZσ|U%,,pƀҼCڼ/Ֆf ~t.g^<ϳ lo/m|95M( | [_ ev/3LܜoKQk]: 6a <]K"RH=kt5K lPZVƛrq a 8+WŚ LRosGu &hyCjMT^/Zkvicf?vOŲxwB֙7ן5 NwjW_;uJ%vEx-rY3<֨'d3EX: }S!8ߎi~EaԠ>~7\S:W|]ާ}&Ny3e#'"+^0l>6X4Y=֡r  ~'x#ðJv^=/ÏKPcS m+~(x:?jcYlr}x)ܲ }}yaAYCwT UҊ((((((+?SMn/ep…M|}}f>-nvM/^3_M;~1;y[kc:s UI=Myx#Ŗ7(;3;RxŖקMfϛIpzޥkdrSE"vq^[=JӮ6ڽ2AJqO3_^:F XWiVgW7ţ߻ ^img[Ek(EV^Mze!#0 s6UI֋ˤOBӚ]kD3ۈ|C:/DRk !7?fn/dDu x'Ě*3(2޽VWW+o>&_~U/.'7:&n?y]~i^{URh>QTGV-nzQ1yfdGkz(u+s~*_vZ1j#[f;vX:Ljt.|< tq3zwzrּMߋ>(}X-V[DqJG&| r+>Q%eP1jk^:&uKhktrp8VW~ݦs&f((((((+ž;;HMLMs̀\? k {O}>v^mmحTVC7e^Mж:vuj.-2F E<|?eˋ-6dl4,zUi_j`;r {W=sV<o4f6M"9x Az$#FrTJox [٣ҭ+oz֑i}{oy6rYi#{ƛnEBKWm_^7G'oagmuM 89>DvO F+f?d/Ү^T]cP_WWk:**yoa^ QM.IB[۞ M{-EtH֬69Q0S}k%BH-,,dAֻxŚ$w! X5*") ⻋%9{ 3';Ew𭷄? 4c'dҞE|;tgz*Vg%Ք4L35DƓ,;Gn=+%_QU4]f8U#=E'҉C&Q^ڕ9o5 Qx87ľ#ƻ0Ѯam)Z7enດw? ~2k,o-ﬡ*R 6->."VI>(oheT$^?,M;I,Y#A]Ox~oQrbg^ooa!Qs1Vy]h@;5zKíLhp3W@(((((;W^~ Tkݧ5 |: "n_[*(*N:dSrsw a|z0kzkP)+wc j/kiu,Mz~>$&pAjτ~Q~Ɉ8=kXeX~j> oI$:5Ǽ^)vi5Myxwz&c]-n[|n6{\/&aBB=Hz$Y۴Hkbz X Yz'~G3$2s[KGtE+s=V#EyKu$W"P$ՏbToTsФ ߻aSGҵQel?rLӴ֯Nb? 鱎_Nv%_4ؚ- t\*1f{!{?LXՏirkǩ&vgZ4>yMr@C]Ay4Z>ﬥVGySW"w0Ĩ6[hk1dV81!QߏtZ_5/j knLH-8"^W%e#K(фF}%Cj񯆡O,Am-w \?Kg4\g"HhڂF"cĖߠndӝ*_ ƕzy|358q8WXZKs1csjfk1Z˾\wſsw4qn<Wďː]4((((((ȯ~<{XV˒]R꒡ܷԵ-A46_ #ֲ-o1@Uw n~{Qǵ~=-<3b |ώ벽7&!Tu5kWpxn.$A+حn`gD6 "J,(WzbG?`Yrl)e2Mx_O{ wO by^XxCL /v5q+[98Y~ /GN q]ei/)*?xu';xl攅 I^T|7 D1f}9 "{q^Vw,-C&@$WTkAhV׿h7Q>S3}\qkKm:[$1.I'mͦY6UP*;Wf&0Vms[Iӄs;Ivt71=OL,ed0 SE⏴[B~A蠚'Stom\4R`G8{z֯cv0tP`ڇ CF9ci յQjr#$g> ^&ݶ*A?<9;SlOWZ:k |'2c`2]<][:"NNϯJF>'jwTbdcJZ }+w^~H"81Iף\4|5{Tm#_UxXMw}X+((((({tvS9ƌğa_2Ɠ6Kg_^xgLO21!u gqt.Akw|7Ϧ]m/<,::g~h4&m%aҺ~(xk"[ubGL}+o̺,&7OjZZ//@=)9תM㒅8Y/qs\<xɺPa$AcO5$o[hsK/$.z2[r|yZ~+x]>)j7ggAx" i+5n$#VW0oåj*lH77/^ Ct9t_|Ga#}?k?ɑ_Z]#DAw+WVZ%׊_ 0zQ⻏j;TcҺxW^*Ok?-Nr[WuԺ圂n<;x#7EƯoho4Oפ͢xFfc$W1O~$6icbGZkZƐuy9*IT o h;+!\>2hZeÍ0q,uO4%hB:W7xO[8O/8HsM?H!FyW>> o>O 9A^Z0Ad\V Iq3Xx^cpV~:f/[rZωP}Α>Y+!c!|Wզ6C=@)8Eb{Ӊ:lrzҮ~am3!Ҋ(((((;W SV]#n_<%=) uvG?6@h~+>WYSOgWxh63i,:\3_AVKaZ"E? ڃ:bKO 2^[gHm`|s^p4_|D?M?MȀFp\d^ii:jZķ ~3\Kf|c]p‰EgP3X$ sN,jpsڼᖉ?YRG]7Voi887z.j=SF"⧃naDwVH|gz~G]qOV.{MgVY Zb8'ں1rV&uuv>bȥȮG)>κ 'A_?WIc\+a׺!k3-.Ogm/ XG,5tWK4p^GTP9,p+>!i_c_<}ki#TϨ!=sR J,>&h h(O#41*i\j|#h|,{)7fH¬CK<w5~2xj-gmoRO_ŤwSr c"/x'9 :g-OW{cvZb%B+_Km+~Cgۏ]d-!a¾9wQ| n5 yzd5}?zYMRg^pȬ"4Ka!w}kh&}-@9eɮុ/eLA?Ȯƚ%V"ϭpƋw:/%-u h֟'R=4j~ĖX[lW :j7V0_3>3Z.~!x Z[wH98ֽ+V#4 s^;*]D,:׹+Fu4\<-xՉ+5!NJJKwbo-4F܋z{ױk"/6R(_j._[C 2Fps\2ַ$<s槬$ 7@.HX5T[լfᢶm Wfuow-lFckc$sϪ1777kM͌m9]L^H@XmUyo|cOMw kgivpo[x\5Xƪ}gO e{-]lF_h}(=+E}i|C! 9gְu?M񞋪rZZkmb:|$~5ƟHGae(J|Cڴq[Of?o/.bU x{u+ ϮYC= ƣ<'}eiMRqXc3V]Fw[|qsZ~jFDxf_ƻQR{ K]o$.]hlC_ײl*0BY:|?VCd2|J%w2 Cl/SPXDW`;א3;/W&;RW.ZҊ(#}3vczWkVڷkvϦ6d3Wg4, }*ޟ=LU[m6qܦMjX]B"AYAk;kUD=@}寏:x*OI$׭|&&*(((((V <&,_s('}[@ +ɭjGNh.%&GpHֶ<j\w:%ܗ+k)sI{Q7Z߇NםKzgXXm1)obkpX ]7Qeq `oEݤcuxiö pť0%#j4 ~`n-bF4 ?SL46GEe#FA?Ox]ktGF03^-'$=X6*Ww4:\N]q?V!Q}*iffvZFWڹ/Bκ (#LAwn"ZRzW|OHH FT)ָ C㟉/1٪[„?G?B@j(]T8;Nq^&7ާ'^0á{X״]?R1 gV gmD\&~aڕp}___񭶏ak s-ܻ0thpZd=xIs^EQEQEQEQEQT'1 6`x|ů_i٨K8#QW|{eMJb@In;] ;/ʚ?UKIMJطt@J#Xy5@kx#1so@!A5'孚H(,~_ c }*x>ɩ]%ˮ'r? ZytZOl[Kp~ +_o)-ZR.bŝٷq9>"i{!i{\cQې> Ȭhb!\v<W"tmƖ'k'V{--Լ~VKn/n)cR:&p-杇ʋް'sɫf6ZW{yLTqNԾ%\i#%u/ @ ^c,Xy91S+]F!Zf Y*-IA|u ݵw pqZGXլ@p=EYv_Gko9!PxSҼKkxLK8dY𷇾xqVC{kup:!'v‚8KdU* q?‘HPژ~*xETy{"֎m+ReKApP9t;1ιoN:4vc&s9+L-gW]B8ܟ¼Tx|%!oN-kʷfb[yzcpuO]Y^Ǧ&-\O+~:Ϣ%4c<r8p5;d {eku^>+)Ͻm?oJCs*ך(}kmѫzkh}Nq9ʻ5H^EQEQEQEQEQYz>5} /t{bYg k=Yi UpdE|}Fhn]O`븏_ᶳ]cJ!km5ŶE9#\U*+ {-4WxOZf]>_¼ ߎ:̬ ~D׼y)kd1z5?4Iav֤Vgw{{Zܐ; ʒjNw-q`p \gl#݆FbA OR?:jI{-A~&k5[y#0u,$cH]mVjpN%aj};z[!x;~ė c03of1+(՗崻no5IE61Ut[MSM2I ]^0*Oxm`uijey4KN:H85ھ}iq{B_'yŚ ]>w_QBkY.KAk<()ҡt,+h-l0e@**c6x:C'4W '>0k}&5KZWg[klcm#ci'EtT(?j|5X|rndB- T]ڶZl"P8~n%wd8x/tM2OJJt#T hœ85l^'>it?Q^X*HG<:'Yg"^]}XGѣm='+OuI5G@9et}+>>6k5Ze,OWxƱ<,pRMq%cSr׾1#1+׮bZmD)ɵWX7𯞙wcZSOM,H0H@NL1JFU8k ҷAں}n1LH5(Q+!Tui8Ȳ?V#vB3A1sJ|9g^^E}]׃|l֯t/iW#>Kḳ~_ t?-pan᫧mATsَ+zZn/|Ă㬨< 9qWoP?#Hʺ#)dW#xC՝/٧<`;Nk ìFվn~چ{6I\#~nT~/q7! _X4)"m$y4mNKh$91 ?/ _}yMwQw[y3tV_P8 :(((((u-ꎦF9nzA}t*U.=B-Ṿ* 7FӴ87}jZa|15xW`sWA=cgDg^iiS-ĐD+~}Y5Mnw8xNs=›:PxWKi=F'`ɭU`2 xg[7 pg_ֽcږ}iQ;W|⼔ F1sk *0ʀ7Z{M99)H KVV+"I\b?X/m[ܸHFf'\?<˫iM=:_.+MzaF1ʳ-nY?UZ MxŶ!Vo%U:4O |,V15C gGT|* 4'V_ \nfZe5dQ:^݁ƹ$w.}JUXC+jvOAζ#TsFK;KƔȏ^޼㴅C7//zސNfq"xHxiT3u=EuY[EooQTp*;Ra}/j?Ez;sVG⟿[?}EQEQEQEQEQU̲OFKׯ4]C +P oFnjkbTMWN5s~5=P,?wy&~'1ku} 5Qx1_v~ ߘlKk wFxsI#dL?y׈>I 跗8W++Y 0A'-vӯ [57@e ?VӴ:5=svv[¹\o7Qz \U?o5EC o8n Hs^\ l69o!-CY./[tyKimMqg>HSMsTPӬDKҘ=ƩikVEp/=i$ Ecs.~&w;ִ5[]^%ôI_硫nZ?!!(;dk#z4Bg=t񖣯_^LdXPFW :oH״?GՃNneHӖ栓UѴ3@l kޡqx#IA<5yiEDY#w~w |c,;NCDV/>u` =㵌 $Oeow@:|?Gf{M+kAE ºG!v6?_^ 1PҼg/|=umS^w70^jQGjܼ8zV=īH2YOvq뫲IfYbnC)ȫhɶåEnZYx((((()2z/d*s -I9y*_jMzFZ(Z¾Ծ$K6^J9#$~ k>H\<%IJ6y?{WvvV:[İkZ9h^g2Ӄ`G^ WosT_/G? u/daH;|Q Ed:ɎGhզGyg(x~^Ƽ㝳K 5^Ch67L"gVC`z8-kz_PH@Mx>9^,?/zy6[ꗑ M&q־q2.;D_ݏmf˦<3[Ն8W'eˢk:4MxҴz](7kh wQgt+m8EvatCJORj|2lpXJ;kᯇZ+#37Ax~NV2uh汴_6m^]K}7):jv7GeҐ ~Oҍ T/9Kg}|/=}b|;ahiS)rƼ~{K2/kVZ|k׭kU!N2Pvc.+OWlb^lVJ#}F[Kּ?OoexgF H$WSZ|SM9eSM3Ym{ J%Mѣ_n?_XLӦ-4}2i H >Cފ~\zF]Z ['^@j&ut# @7t=GX2ʻw?ZuDŽ|{uᕙ?6;C|C^x=Cfa,s^EQEQEQEQEQA_$k6^?|af]5 uOv9tOš 4'5|7f*(&t=r87~,JM.n$epp^k 3oks/2R λ\B[ysA)OQֺ?u1TާXc90=L1Pƣy '̈Bi~ eaxv֬Eq,j)Wx#$;4[͍ # ٹ W9S]7m6fHb^y-Ċ3JkǚΦZ\;|ipG] wjz{Wu)ΈARď]:g@R1q^iJ"1ҩg ;Dd690`z 8|E!Tui8Ȳ KI)qHG/Z~R$HH ǿ5zu4s\"Wz>'i>" mrMFolנRQX^'F.3+>\.+; ⦭seᆲ25S\FSVʹ6$.#DuPda$8"o!xNg}*ki,@Xбx{v~ kE?t=wQoᑴ@mgaOXtI{hMy ] B66d%jNYb2I^W^oWkezq^?|> !9XF07~QEQEQEQEQE|C5]?Pa?t'Չ9xdHbϴ, bsMkUY ႀݓ] 2YCWKa *#nâvOQXZ74;:fomkv,W AٲZ0knb͞ED25ZVw kjЬC]F23Uiz֭}b&kч!y׫>wt,˂پ|_cPl=9fҬ y ~_ʴx8bDOEyUTdڼK?^ yY&^7Ω~\s+)RxkźՍIF,j$;H cAxԧTFy"GR`7/ݶehMK|#7/*kAOӭ#Pz™D;#!5=?tʩ*;tPp7 OPsjKVp+>4jS >mqn7_+oVn(^Upd#ǂ3@yl)"Xھ2麲yEp?Ǻ^$w H-9+$cwجjP Pyeş=Zu#3G_K֗2ZȞa3<I|w=`Fz~yo3i [AݹwwFi5':X6$8FA xMg y⻽7K,$*cc? [?|헐uj&`V<"?|Kruݹ%뭃}}!c> Q٢(((((& kgx^w W[O`ͅN=}9ڠwyQn9l f{maiR4fc+̼CD{{{N~7n:fv'N_N,Y,W{QҼ#4 _zg`bpֽ?k?\2"주̄1^x[(/>d⭷/yږW|NԡlM^:]x.'< c X}narq]G_ IJ7e 2خN{BD$^C]_<A-pw4-֮9*zfVMEE^ (> yV>*#HبX0yeJ~ʠ7-ԛm{Pk-ɾz ԑRIX4ڌo4gL&'*sqo@Mb8k!:/Dnu"H*58K6Lc"X j4K?g~l]bڬM] mHͥۂɽQQaSK/jh-׬FR2j6qrcKg=kƾ^*NE״wO<=+l>i:5yIخ_he bD*/#יW1Ck <70s-oC}HͻnH UMka.+>:xYXihiWEᏎaVD_O4Mn :2g` oAKQ|q J>[Z{;ۦٱ)QEQEQEQEQEL: B/#M͜1\yo?¾͂d9ǥxſZxWG/vɰ< M-b7!MzlVV;x@r)ml>hf`*x}Zm?P'BżsޛOÃDy =qx¿Bok2ko--[<lEmI/EQRM,pHʨ$9&U5YGFk?FQyeq( 86(_0ޕxCZ悗{7SW޼_%-ofK .y5^,A ۆG+dI|RGgI;mLK,jLI +2V༷`J_D-LW(q\y#~dE?5<32ohu^únyj7;Z-[Ð?;6~vjO~1\V}Zus%,sj/+zW]x.ħZOHb ʨo/B Hq^q| 4^Nqʦ fE>"+y+)k>24[cfNޣҽxQ+>cZlm~Gq4qs+I+nZ((((()0kω<*lfewvW$j#qJ xO"=W⎹^|k) qs^E&xL?[xy2L֯g4'GPU(O^6Rnzku^GҸOn,$=^uK{[ 5&?>0Lӭ~+g|QMcp,#cjo> o A^#$WRr+uռcx>^M= { <9]7b pB>f>qcW7Kcה.Tާ'Zo~ E$ ˌhI}8UπlGjٟYw0^/^GA bebF\}?W<\m~>d?6zZxn%Z/:>,C9S\7Q&t9=z W|PvI[~UTh]_;CJ_R٘rSXxvkHn_b;^[u 4,̮ x&f%t.yZVo^[8hPC#Hl:@ׅmmvbWPs]x#RъLJ{h.P$Pk| 㛽n("p? Ofu_Ih]) 'q:m9J((((((xOlӘ3FC>x8+ȴwyM렂Km? hO4粑gk 鷚Ov Xu&cy_ I׸\^Z~6*{O8܊HSGZƩ[=֛pۧN}EUimt<g\|ALjk}>& WA vQT@Ҧ#">kA0s\<{s^ t2|~+L!<2659#it$մ>!x[4m=sGQ;{xG¨y]7v3]H ]<73mb.Ҝu5EiX=uF𽍒.ݑ ܊:~l um9/K"2BTÊP3Qqd5>/c.Tvt5nM[×9Y!rUM{5E}+7k7ˣ˟n碷{Ҳ-*T1\*WW7xZ[ɎF:Wl^)e ,R2@A\ΡGREc+):<+/Bk,7vAJXֶ~7bX$l~WꚔF=˅$,rk<c?}q[&Ȅ7JSW6Ǧ[sll MFfI#;WJk6\ Z6]#}\׊&.y~d+{ uqߌ}GivֈXc VQEQEQEQEQEPzW;5 X:/+WZq1%^m3_cj:|d O|O3f9;z_xJ-o퓄9${> zd>(i$;brGZ>giYıƒIu}mcN;Wsc& ex믇^=VrQd^ݤ֙ UV쌛yc?ʬ)R0x,|ahTCz1̽s^sx\{ 1%;b9}kb״}:Y%LVt2 *-^,{k_#nN:Wzcx5umlʷwUJ=K:8A {XPxFeж\qu{^/6"]?i_z%+mz|:T`b8ѝ?uaV%KC|dpNkH#hC Ic]{ęT~Bׯ* 8S>(^:3\2 x~ |27:hjv]i+G$T8+ςEΖK%?ѼoO5Ő9|muGKm`}IT1NEղ1^kFSaN7_@ O߉ɥCW1k֦BRa2;Ҁ t((((()|Ÿ$т=|W|A<>t{5aXf[;UmooP51\?>!Cn:qs^ox%:05 bx@>t$t> /~x+; 9;(xgM%j"c_=,znrp>xO2ގ$f7zteXȘWSA:|v;cƶ3\?iZ}3^ڼM<7ƕ+;#>v:$܏{V4]HxpE]gtp*0>W=O]͎"CMyƯ/MtptȯG_Í/‘1qxF^w9AKER1WKgMkKWߨ܍"T*M6ٵUwj76[תqҗ`T34r"2+[sCU,YrC'BkuxcO쯶lE {/ 1H?[ԍK1>?qOYZO.!gῇÞ)CqMvQEQEQEQEQEQE|L70$y㜊 ^/g܊ys)}yeyWhP5JdH|[^OS /y\] +Wm<7e>m#K';N3y[v(j+1+.Z'."m9q4.Fes\ÏOouD^ I(p})C( W⟅ݥ}%c$?K}FNN+WK,-IMg( wx:*jz+ⲷhFk G+c^ rCklుa#F pcڗ42`GRxŶ^dUQ5ugU"H GYzvcOq V;KAY?k"l;^-,>)~/Oo+UUT` ?0Ўm 7\6*_|&VI= WJ1ҝEQEQEQEQEQEQE5*As_,dFڅx;FKoq^H*y_>|Ix/?oA'{|9\P𪂀k;N43dص~ϺaCԝ~y'Wꚵf7 H9,kt?C':-ܘ,A*=s^oq)4.7PGz󯈿VYxߊ4?Pq E: 񦕪&y߀v u(Ԁ3ßĒh"_&4R ^W FG=iJ =+U𾏭!}5j7u!զ~Y"m#ēEflLtjTҾ/.j%k&_֝_5/)µ>i*VMJNGuOp^&DB;jiMJLbº;_@~35yn}iͽ1oV6k.x%}k<9ͤhZM3*[ [?z[<.,Ƽz+C2鱶b#Z=œ2 > ~<-O4&y74>`lཷKyVHd25x:w"+veITa]T}4ifKnmީAܾBĚŚό|[$2ģ5Ï -onT y[k(((((((ҹOfxvDaRbltjVPOnh :dfοoM PpC3i۬c ؊ƨ 㟴Ӂ;8R*| r}쩹 ,xt xj^&Kk xKº,)hl>Z:Զ;hQ.^Gj+ 6hڎ>ϪE#/4CpbLf%7WF A=+|y;Bkk YU1mF㻵k4I!u"AxQЭIR2qW>|A SXp4ZF>o<ѵl#nrXhCKMN1FGQ(ڎFOݱYZϋI҈\f<[X Ge$vVcJiu=sƞ#[FK=*7,J~fi=>_د3O׼OizYeaL0{΂PIF\l`mҸoEӼ%fM|G מxkߏu/[=ۢnvXGoo4UQwTFa7{o?yi+ >Ycq |WφӅ?,L3Ǩ⺻OXK [v=&//Gq /[.,)b(,l4Rvڳ/cc5e&Jj^َ/ֺ?4zZvIP?|UYE·G&㪹zJՎ`|)Y;$r=EbxEYk4xj5kbڗb[FŋN+WZNEu4riv8B ziwt]:]Z1Z|-k-E[?xHEq^ݵCCsq -,*F,q?|ZyNX1FB7d_&M&-{qq"U?QH@$l4h IDSn\+\6l* k~,(,"5|צ[gCQWpGA_0}U) }k I>".l/Tc;=+ڻW -,"snJ-QEi6Zū[0Wk _6)+Wß]7Ķct)r0 S!IgXd`j(hʞbTM^n!cf,7dj%\e.Z'`R1>][ԏ6rx5ү7 O<1YOq"+k!w"["(9=Mz_è5I1n7_#FWogkuq|jO NծSCb*_4{cY\|GY|ɷֻmk4N8hZvA%Q2H_|Nм4\]tX993e+&ߌ/|>)ngIuS8v t(K2k^P^y?ɱ-hv\N0+ۆ6Yޱk]ȫ`OZ+>%@]џd1¾W4𾊗WHGz`Җ(((((((J|S_X]v>9S_'ZV?4/nxLq([Y[޽jZ(3Epk/_Dq*5yρ|iu纶>Kp+OGַ|rdہ}'Ś.cR 4[kyABۢcՂWDӓQ{i\a&ܖЬj͸W8v+B3Q-gr[@FXcPԬ#/ws*W`+2hN,zd~> ;X_MӛxcHzB^ 1A*"Q*P-dQEZ$ #V'|1aI G.G$ֹFs1=fNVRl(}k9-uXs~((((((()O-`9W'A๷~Wa_Ox6~2ҖU%%<]#(UZXU@',EC'Y(x[G"x-[pk_Ф~bB fŧo _0F]H>F4RSmֶM>Tw`9}ϊx9o'`lZ|%+`[iֺ**P>(]ZY-۪@-_&x]ֵ }tI_ |DZ¸ˮ{קTnbAh2ǁ_<|Tɣ貕^%O/X x/oQӐ嘏}+ >L!Q@QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE!+;"9}oèF27{[[/-aoa_Exem`TN7}+҇AKHyx3Kִ{á+&>l1߅fGf9o0pGTy /zt[Wyr -<+V,*<I? iX|t(=*դ7qIꧡ+Ŀ5}KKm(g +# H aT 7 A(d;xY̋$%1ι^y;Ld ' ^\B"l2=qEQQIrEǰZ,+x"pP3}+KX@6ƁGSH8ERMxz׶ZeshP:R(x6N@!W|(oNuWrDC{WјA5_W?'gBT̥C޻/|EC4 lTQG5?yncVSE gŽsIlmInWx͗.E_f=5)  `:~5reܟE$t ( TQETM,,qVc+ǼwK2X.n@~Umwq#{?;Y#!+֕* ?QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQER`TSC4Rtad|Ԍ*nycx#V$'F]gE%i|:ne[W1 [5KEW^ֿ vQ$_/7.$|ڽss^2xk×Z?: 5b牙RcNъQKᆭHZXW׾x7^_fSd_{դ K$mXdi:zp<Ҿvau~9V`ׯ,2A#}XHS&kĶ2Ga]Gmj>(EsdEe w(4 )$+gĽвp3HpFNO֭x/6YR6',9j'Ҽ+nX[(`>iHqREQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQER0x wW^PI>9x_4z+zG s^6E=ū#s{m)oBc~>_tf%)ʶ◵QY!+) O^νn#/`8'Ʃy:5ɂ|ֽy2}G?fh[yQ}=v[u".2ɞ^{~hGu}J((T Q*J((((((((((((R0kt?}f#0>( {h^CϋzH5'#<[QR^g+м3rme>: \`{S$8q\εh?ڵ8wk̵-ѥzIҼ\oV[U_99Ğ%rڼ1&Y<+KH.5/˅i(5p6,QT`U8((((((((((((1H@KEHW֑N̼כFO%<:f\)}-FqH|57KFQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE*JZC0?L%|%K9j5?NiD}뗿6Pʽ;uw6_/Ys=up1U-86zgя?Y<5/Ɣh,'gԿ?zz\WK?[6Wr}pKښN0u\N_KHYs]$qh4U_E&((((((((((((((((QE`S4QO"ȣȋy'*LQ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((j-( &    hwww.cs.northwestern.edu/~fabianb/classes/cs-343.htmlvhttp://www.cs.northwestern.edu/~fabianb/classes/cs-343.html/ 0DTimes New Roman(0(:A 0 DTahomaew Roman(0(:A 0 " DArialew Roman(0(:A 0 0DWingdingsRoman(0(:A 0 @DVerdanasRoman(0(:A 0 "PDHelveticaRoman(0(:A 0  "@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` p0MY* '(    ( *,-/01oEFGHIJK?D$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$R$Nт۳ Y*2 AA1?@f3ff@8()dg4dd@:A 0 ppp@  ʚ;ʚ;<4ddddlT# 0X<4BdBdlT# 0X%0___PPT10 ___PPT9nnIt>"ՌPNG  IHDR +tsRGB PLTEfffm cmPPJCmp0712 7tRNS@fIDATWc`  SP1H $XLIENDB`?  O = IntroductionToday: Welcome to CS 343 Why study operating systems? What is an operating system? Class organization History of operating systems Next time: OS Components & Structure b  *: Welcome to OSEverything you need to know www.cs.northwestern.edu/~fabianb/classes/cs-343.html Your instructor: Fabin E. Bustamante Your TAs: Yi Qiao & Stefan Birrer UNIX Review Session: NSRG (Tue. 28th 6-8PM, here) Your guide to Deep C: Stefan Birrer (Wed. 29th, time & place TBD) Communication channels: Course webpage News: cs.343 at news.cs.northwestern.edu cs-343-ta@cs for other questions Z5ZZZZZ5 b T : -Z`44 PW$ B 0P-'Why study Operating Systems?Tangible reasons: Build/modify one: OSs are everywhere Administer and use them well Tune application performance Good capstone course Intangible reasons: Curiosity Use/gain knowledge from/for other areas Challenge of designing large, complex systemsNt`t` +%A Computer SystemqHardware Physical devices Microarchitecture Machine language Operating System System Programs Applications Users N 44 44 ,&What is an Operating System?jAn extended machine  top-down view Hiding the messy details, presenting a virtual machine A resource manager  bottom-up view Everybody gets a fair-share of time/space from a resource  multiplexing (time & space) A control program  to prevent errors & improper use A bundle of helpful, commonly used thingsb$7$X_$7$X _A;What is an Operating System?What should be included in it? Trickier question than you think: File system, device drivers, shells, window system, browser,& Systems goals Convenience  makes your life easier Efficiency  expensive machines demand efficient use Mechanisms and policiesd`Z`Z F?Preview Today  Where we are and how we got there Then  OS components and structure Each component at a time and the abstractions it supports Processes and threads Memory management I/O and file systems Brief introduction to distributed systems & security Where are we heading? Z"ZZVZ=ZKZ "V = K C>Class OrganizationSyllabus Classes Review & Outline Lecture part 1 Admin Lecture part 2 Summary & Preview TA Sessions Once a week (Wed), one TA and the whole class Asking questions  email them to our staff before the classRH jH j  G@Class OrganizationzCourse book and papers Other recommended sources Exams (2), homework (5) and projects (4) Rough schedule Grading Policies History of Operating SystemsEarly attempts  Babbage s (1792-1871)  Analytical Engine Phase 1: Hardware expensive, humans cheap First generation  1945-1955 Vacuum tubes, plug boards, MARK 1, ENIAC, & Second generation  1955-1965 Transistors, IBM 1401 & 7094 Batch systems Spooling (*,4(* , 4History of Operating Systems`Phase 2: Both, computer and people expensive Third generation  1965-1980 Interactive time-sharing ICs and multiprogramming, IBM System/360, minicomputers, MULTICS, UNIX OS features needed for multiprogramming I/O routine supplied by the system Memory management, CPU scheduling Allocation of devices x-8G(\-8G(\  History of Operating Systems\Phase 3: hardware cheap, humans expensive Fourth generation  1980-1990 Cheap computers  everybody gets one Personal computing, MS-DOS, Unix, Intel 8088 & x86, Windows NT,& &**B<History of Operating SystemsPPhase 4: Distributed systems A networked world  1990- & Computers everywhere, networked computers, & Fast and cheap networks Implications to OS and Systems in general 2D=SummaryMany good reasons to study Operating Systems Many alternative takes on what an OS is History and the idea behind describing change Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny (Ernst Haeckel) Is systems research dead? Next class & :1'1')  ` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!` T3f3f___>?" dd@$?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `(p>>   ^(    s * "0`  T Click to edit Master title style! !  c $  " 0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  Nff??"  Nff??"?  Nff??"  Nff??"?  Nff??"  Nff??"?  c $ "`  b*(2  # l 1?" K: TCS-343 Operating Systems (2 fZ  B޽h))? ? T3f3f___ 0___PPT10.[p1q___PPT92p22 aqualab01Y    G(  ~  Hff??"A  0o "   o ,   <(o " o T Click to edit Master title style! ! T    "   Tdoff??"  @   Toff??"  @ ~  Hff??"A~  Hff??"A  RA)\ :?nwu-seal-gray"@)i%   # lo 1?" K: TCS-343 Operating Systems (2 f  # lo 1?"3E mFabin E. Bustamante, Fall 20042 2 f' fZ  B޽h))? ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.[p1q 0 zP( "   08  P   v R*    0$     v T*  d  c $ ?     0lB   @   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6F  `P    R*    6G  `    T*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.[Nam $(  r  S o o r  S o^   o H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +}  P$(  r  S v0`  v r  S v 0 v H  0޽h ? T3f3f___PPT10i.j+D=' = @B +  <(  ~  s *Mv0`  v ~  s *0Nv 0 v H  0޽h ? T3f3f  tl(  ~  s *(v0`  v ~  s *+v 0 v  F  p    P  N  p 0    p 0   C xPv>?"` p 0  T systems and application programs!!   # lDTv 1?0 <compiler 2    # lXv 1? ? text editor 2     # l[v 1? @  8DBMS 2    # l_v 1?@W  6&  2   C xbv>?"`p 3  Doperating system %   C xfv>?"`@ y  g3machine language microarchitecture physical devices44 "N 7@ G   7@   C x hv>?"`7 @ :User 1   # llov 1?N 7 4&  2B  # lD8c?@G  C xov>?"` @ :User 1 B  # lD8c?@G  C xXsv>?"` @ @ :User 1 B  # lD8c? @ GH  0޽h ? T3f3f  <(  ~  s *|v0`  v ~  s *}v 0 v H  0޽h ? T3f3f  `<(  ~  s *v0`  v ~  s *\v 0 v H  0޽h ? T3f3f$  ,$(  ,r , S ԋv0`  v r , S xv 0 v H , 0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.z`<$  $$(  $r $ S Dv0`  v r $ S v 0 v H $ 0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.ق.0  00(  0x 0 c $v0`  v x 0 c $v 0 v H 0 0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.ق.  p$(  r  S  v0`  v r  S v 0 v H  0޽h ? ̙33  $(  r  S v0`  v r  S v 0 v H  0޽h ? ̙33   $(   r  S v0`  v r  S v 0 v H  0޽h ? ̙33$  p$(  r  S v0`  v r  S v 0 v H  0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.Z(%$   $(   r   S o0`  v r   S eo 0 o H   0޽h ? T3f3f___80___PPT10.ق3IrhIk ln&C(`r-::LPo`NA@sbpfrF wdhm#uGZ Oh+'0Ux   ( 4 @LT IntroductionoIntroduction to OSFabian E. BustamantePabifabianb46iMicrosoft PowerPointP@]/@}@ OQ@GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwݽ⶘üݼ˜޼’ö⓼üüޙޙ™޼ݘ»޻ޘݘõϒύϑϒϒϒϯϒύϒϯeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeύϑϒϑϒϒϒϑϒϒύϒϒύϑϒϑϒϒϒϑϑϒϒύϴϒϯϴϑϒϒύϴϴϑύϑύϑϑϒϒϒϑϯϒϒϴϑύϑύϑϑϒϒϒϑϑύϴϑϒϯϒύϴϑϒϴϒϑϒϯϑύϴϑϒϯϒύϴϑϒϴϒϯϒϯϯϒϒϑύϴϴϒϯϒϯϯϒϒϒϒϑϴύϒϒύϒϒϒϒϒϴύϒϒϒϑϴύϒϒύϒϒϒϒϒϴύϒϯϒϑϒϒϒϯϒϯϒύϒϯϒϑϒϒϒϯϒϒϯύύϒϑύύϴύϒύϯϒϯϑϒϯύύϒϑύύϴύϒϒϒϯϑϑϒϒϑϴύϴϴϒϒϒϯϑϑϒϒϑϴύ՜.+,D՜.+,P    On-screen ShowEast Texas Data Service{ Times New RomanTahomaArial WingdingsVerdana Helvetica aqualab01 IntroductionWelcome to OSWhy study Operating Systems?A Computer SystemWhat is an Operating System?What is an Operating System?PreviewClass OrganizationClass OrganizationHistory of Operating SystemsHistory of Operating SystemsHistory of Operating SystemsHistory of Operating SystemsSummary  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles 8@ _PID_HLINKSA<http://www.cs.northwestern.edu/~fabianb/classes/cs-343.html_u fabianbfabianb  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures2Current UserSummaryInformation(4UPowerPoint Document(MuDocumentSummaryInformation8