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Swift, Brian N. Bershad and Henry M. Levy University of Washington, Seattle, WA SOSP 19th, October 2003s5>A:Reliability is the problembSystem reliability remains an unsolved problem Increase costs of failures Growing set of  unmanaged systems OS extensions have become prevalent in commodity systems 70% of Linux > 35,000 != drivers with > 120,000 versions for Windows XP OS extensions are the leading cause of OS failure 85% in Windows XP/>9H2/>9H  2B; Nooks goalsIsolation  isolate kernel from extension failures Recovery  support automatic recovery after failure Backward compatibility  work w/ existing OSs & extensions w/ minimal changes Efficiency - avoid the classic tradeoff between robustness & performance C<Nooks architectureArchitecture s core principles Design for fault resistance, not fault tolerance  system must recover from most, but not necessarily all extension failures Design for mistakes, not abuse  between commodity OSs  unprotected extension architectures and JVM total control&D=Nooks Isolation Manager (NIM)"NIM  A transparent reliability layer between the OS and the extensions Architectural functions: Isolation Interposition Object Tracking Recovery*a1a1E>NIM architectural functionsjIsolation  prevent extension errors from damaging the kernel Protection domain management Extension executes within lightweight kernel protection domain Same processor privilege as kernel, but Write access to a limited portion of kernel s address space Inter-domain control transfer  Extension Procedure Call Communication bet/ kernel and extensions Asymmetric  kernel has more right to extension s domain Interposition  transparently integrate existing extensions into the Nooks environment Transparent integration of existing extensions through wrapper stubs >ZZ?ZdZ9ZbZWZEZZ>?d  9bWFF?NIM architectural functionsObject tracking  oversees kernel resources used by extensions Maintains a list of kernel data structures manipulated by extensions Control all modifications to those structures Provides object information for cleanup upon extension failure Copies kernel objects into extension domain & back once modified When possible, check types and accessibility of parameters Recovery  detect and recover from extension faults Nooks detects Software faults  extension consumes too many resources or invokes kernel service improperly Hardware fault  processor raises an exception during extension execution External detection by users or applications ?Z.Z4ZZZ,ZZ?.4    -  G@Implementation HAImplementationIsolation  memory management + XPC All components exist in the kernel s address space Kernel has read-write access to the entire address space Extensions have read-only access to kernel s data & read-write to local data Memory mgmt. system maintains a synchronized copy of the kernel page table for each domain Change domain: change page table and flush TLB Serious cost due to TLB flush and subsequent misses Savings from minimized cost of scheduling and data copying*88IBImplementationXPC functions for transfer control nooks_driver_call & nooks_kernel_call Both take function pointer, arguments & target domain Transfer procedure (reverse on the way back) Save caller s context on stack Find a stack for calling domain Change page tables to target domain Call function A couple of additional changes Added code where kernel modifies page table to maintain coherency Modify kernel exception handler to swap in kernel s SP & page table Change process of locating current task pointer PP\P-PqPPPc    c6-q  JCImplementationInterposition Wrapper stubs between kernel and extensions Wrappers provide transparency by preserving I/F Changes to kernel code Modified the standard module loader to bind extensions to wrappers Modified kernel s module initialization to explicitly interpose wrappers at function pointers Changed macros and inline functions that directly modify kernel objects Using shadow copies and synchronization for performance critical object modifications Using XPC for non-performance critical object modificationsVss  KDImplementationObject tracker records all kernel objects and types in use by extensions Inspect interface bet/ kernel and supported extensions to determine set of objects to track Total 43, e.g. i-nodes & memory pages For all objects in use by an extension, record their addresses For object that may be written by an extension, record an association bet/ extension s & kernel s protection domain@''LEImplementationgAfter a fault occurs, recover manager releases resources in use by extension User-mode agent coordinates recover & determines next step For recovery, need to notify tasks in currently executing within extension Correctness of kernel data structure ensure through object tracker & XPC After releasing resources, agent unloads extension & potentially reloads ithgMFImplementation limitationsCannot prevent extensions from deliberately executing privileged instructions that corrupt system state No prevention for infinite loops inside the extension Limited to extensions that can be killed & restarted safely  NG Reliability<Faults synthetic fault injection  changing 1 instruct. in extension manual injection preexisting bugs Extensions Device drivers  network (4) and sound card (2) drivers Optional kernel subsystem - VFAT Application-specific kernel extension  kHTTPd Test environment Programs to stress extensions Execution in the context of VMWare Virtual Machine Two setups tested Native  Nooks present but unused Nooks enabledZ`Z ZZZcZ0Z`   c0OHReliability results99% detection of injected faults (313/317 crashes) Higher system crashes (under Linux) for VFAT and sb extensions than for e1000, pcnet32 and kHTTPd Due to different handling of kernel failures by Linux Interrupt oriented extensions  extension is run as a result of an interrupt (e1000, pcnet32, kHTTPd) Process oriented extensions  extension is run as the result of a system call (VFAT, sb) Linux treats exceptions in Interrupt oriented code  fatal Process-oriented code  non-fatal 7E7E  PI PerformanceTo evaluate the cost of the Nooks isolation service Performance tests run on bare machine One single extension is isolated The rate of XPC is a telling performance indicator, as the isolation service are primarily imposed at the point of the XPCQJPerformance resultsRK ConclusionsOperating systems should remove their dependence on driver safety Processors are fast enough spend a little performance on isolation Existing operating systems can be extended to run existing driver code safely   ` .T3f` T3f3f` 999MMM` lff3f3޲` eoHff33Ҷ` ff!>?" dd@$?nPd@ d " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `(p>>  4, (    s *4Q "0  T Click to edit Master title style! !  c $`~ "X0X  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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BustamanteFabian E. Bustamante  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  Root EntrydO)Pictures2Current UserSummaryInformation(4UPowerPoint Document(MDocumentSummaryInformation8